Chemical Components and Properties of Water

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Questions and Answers

What determines the properties of an amino acid?

  • The peptide bond
  • The carboxyl group
  • The R group (correct)
  • The α-carbon atom

All proteins have the same amino acid sequence.

False (B)

What is the name of the bonds that link amino acids together in a protein?

peptide bonds

The __________ structure of a protein is the sequence of amino acids joined together by peptide bonds.

<p>primary</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following levels of protein structure with their descriptions:

<p>Primary structure = Sequence of amino acids Secondary structure = α helix and β sheet formations Tertiary structure = Overall 3D shape of a polypeptide Quaternary structure = Arrangement of multiple polypeptides</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of bond stabilizes the secondary structure of proteins?

<p>Hydrogen bonds (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Essential amino acids can be synthesized in sufficient quantities by the human body.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are molecular chaperones responsible for in protein folding?

<p>Assisting newly synthesized or denatured proteins to fold correctly</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of molecular chaperones?

<p>To assist in the correct folding of proteins (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Heat-shock proteins are synthesized only in eukaryotic cells.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name one type of bonding that helps maintain the tertiary structure of proteins.

<p>Hydrogen bond</p> Signup and view all the answers

Chaperones use energy from __________ to assist in protein folding.

<p>ATP</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following types of heat-shock proteins with their molecular mass:

<p>HSP100 = 100 kDa HSP90 = 90 kDa HSP70 = 70 kDa HSP60 = 60 kDa</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of structure is formed when multiple polypeptide chains come together?

<p>Quaternary structure (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Cylindrical chaperones are a type of molecular chaperone that assist in protein folding.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are conjugated proteins?

<p>Polypeptides linked with non-protein molecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true about glycoproteins?

<p>They are important components of plasma membranes. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Nucleoproteins do not interact with nucleic acids like DNA or RNA.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name the two types of nucleoproteins.

<p>Deoxyribonucleoproteins and ribonucleoproteins.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Histones are rich in ______ amino acids, which are positively charged.

<p>basic</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of lipoproteins?

<p>Serve as structural materials in membranes. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Deoxyribonucleoproteins are proteins linked to RNA.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do histones play in cell division?

<p>Histones are involved in the condensation and coiling of chromosomes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following types of proteins with their respective functions:

<p>Glycoproteins = Lubrication in body fluids Lipoproteins = Structural support in membranes Nucleoproteins = Association with nucleic acids Histones = Chromosome coiling during division</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Protein Monomers

Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins.

Amino Acid Structure

Amino acids have a carboxyl group, an amino group, and an R-group (variable).

Peptide Bond

A chemical bond that links amino acids together to form a chain.

Essential Amino Acids

Amino acids the body cannot produce and must obtain from food.

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Protein Primary Structure

The specific order of amino acids in a protein chain.

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Protein Secondary Structure

The local folding of the protein chain into shapes like alpha-helices and beta-sheets.

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Alpha-Helix

A common type of secondary structure in proteins; a right-handed coil.

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Protein Function

The biological role of proteins depends on their shape and the sequence of amino acids.

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Molecular Chaperones

Proteins that help newly made or damaged proteins fold correctly into the right 3D shape.

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Heat-Shock Proteins (HSPs)

Proteins that are made by cells in response to stress, like heat, to help other proteins fold correctly.

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Protein Folding

The process of a protein adopting its specific 3D shape for function.

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Misfolding

Incorrect 3D structure of a protein that can disrupt cell function

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ATP

A molecule that provides energy for many cellular processes, including protein folding.

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Cylindrical Chaperones

A type of chaperone with a specific shape that assists in protein folding.

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Tertiary Structure

The complex 3D shape of a single polypeptide chain, stabilized by interactions of R-groups.

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Quaternary structure

The complete structure of a protein formed from more than one polypeptide chain.

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Glycoproteins

Proteins with carbohydrates covalently attached.

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Lipoproteins

Lipids combined with proteins.

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Nucleoproteins

Proteins linked to nucleic acids (DNA or RNA) for function regulation, but not considered conjugated proteins

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Deoxyribonucleoproteins (DNPs)

Proteins linked to DNA.

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Ribonucleoproteins (RNPs)

Proteins linked to RNA.

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Histones

Proteins rich in basic amino acids (e.g., lysine, arginine), bind to DNA.

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Chromosome structure

Coiled strands of DNA with associated proteins (histones etc).

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Functions of Histones

Organize and compact DNA; regulate gene activity.

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Study Notes

Chemical Components of a Cell

  • Living things are composed of the same chemicals
  • Common elements in cells include carbon (C), hydrogen (H), nitrogen (N), oxygen (O), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S)
  • Atoms combine to form molecules
  • Types of chemical bonds include covalent, ionic, hydrogen, and hydrophobic interactions, van-der Waals attractions.

Water

  • Water comprises 65-85% of a cell's weight
  • Water molecules are polar
  • Covalent bonds link hydrogen (H) atoms to oxygen (O) atoms
  • Hydrogen bonds form between water molecules
  • Water is a universal solvent
  • Water dissolves salts and polar molecules
  • Water is present in all phases (solid, liquid, gas) depending on temperature
  • Water has high surface tension.

Properties of Water

  • Water has unusual properties, affecting its behavior in biological systems
  • Water has a relatively high boiling point and heat capacity (compared to other substances).
  • Water expands when frozen
  • Water is an excellent solvent

Important Gases for Living Cells

  • Oxygen is essential for respiration and combustion
  • Oxygen combines with most elements and is a component of many organic compounds
  • Oxygen is colorless, odorless, and tasteless
  • Nitric oxide functions as a gaseous mediator in mammals and other vertebrates.

Cells Formed From Carbon Compounds

  • Carbon forms the basis of most biological molecules
  • Carbon atoms can form four covalent bonds with other atoms.
  • Carbon compounds are also known as organic molecules

Macromolecules of the Cell

  • Proteins are the most structurally complex and functionally versatile molecules

  • The order of amino acids in a protein determines its shape and function

  • Proteins are built from amino acids

  • Proteins have several levels of organization: primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary

Molecular Chaperones

  • Specialized proteins that assist with protein folding
  • Help prevent misfolding and ensure functional protein structures formation

Nucleoproteins

  • Proteins bound to nucleic acids (DNA or RNA)
  • Essential for DNA organization and gene regulation

Carbohydrates

  • Carbohydrates include monosaccharides, oligosaccharides, and polysaccharides
  • Monosaccharides are the simplest carbohydrates (e.g., glucose, fructose)
  • Polysaccharides are complex carbohydrates (e.g., starch, glycogen)

Lipids

  • Lipids are a diverse group of hydrophobic molecules
  • Lipids include fats, oils, phospholipids, steroids, and waxes
  • Fatty acids consist of a hydrocarbon chain with a carboxyl group at one end
  • Saturated fatty acids have no double bonds; unsaturated have one or more
  • Phospholipids have a polar head and nonpolar tails and are important in cell membranes
  • Steroids have a four-ring structure, and cholesterol is a precursor to many steroid hormones

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