Chemical Communications in Biology Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What type of molecules are receptors in chemical communications?

  • Nucleic acid molecules
  • Protein molecules (correct)
  • Carbohydrate molecules
  • Lipid molecules

Which term refers to a chemical messenger that interacts with receptors?

  • Substrate
  • Ligand (correct)
  • Enzyme
  • Cofactor

What is the role of secondary messengers in a cell?

  • Destroy the receptor-ligand complex
  • Prevent ligands from interacting with receptors
  • Carry a message from a receptor and amplify it (correct)
  • Bind to receptors and induce a response

In chemical communication, what does adrenaline trigger the production of in muscle and liver cells?

<p>Cyclic AMP (cAMP) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes a neurotransmitter from a hormone?

<p>The distance over which it acts (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where do hormones released by endocrine glands travel to reach their target cells?

<p>Into the bloodstream (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What enzyme is activated by calmodulin-bound calcium?

<p>Protein kinase II (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of acetylcholinesterase in nerve transmission?

<p>It inhibits the action of acetylcholine (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of inhibiting acetylcholinesterase?

<p>Nerve transmission ceases (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of using succinylcholine and decamethonium bromide as muscle relaxants?

<p>They inhibit acetylcholinesterase temporarily (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do acetylcholine-gated ion channels work?

<p>The binding of acetylcholine enables the channels to open and propagate signals (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the rapid removal of acetylcholine?

<p>To allow nerves to transmit more signals per second (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of calcium ions (Ca2+) in nerve transmission?

<p>Increased Ca2+ concentration causes neurotransmitter-containing vesicles to fuse with the membrane and release their contents (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the neurotransmitter, such as acetylcholine, in nerve transmission?

<p>The neurotransmitter is a ligand that binds to the receptor, altering it and opening its ion channel (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the movement of Na+ and K+ ions in nerve transmission?

<p>The movement of Na+ and K+ ions is the first signal in nerve transmission, propagating the nerve signal to the next neuron or terminal cell (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the receptor in nerve transmission?

<p>The receptor is an ion channel that opens and closes based on a particular stimulus (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does nicotine affect nerve transmission?

<p>Nicotine in low doses is a stimulant and prolongs the receptor's biochemical response (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the sequence of events in nerve transmission according to the text?

<p>Na+ and K+ movement, Ca2+ movement, vesicle fusion, neurotransmitter binding (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main advantage of noninvasive glucose monitoring techniques over traditional finger-pricking methods?

<p>They avoid the need for drawing blood. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In Type II diabetes, what is the primary issue that prevents proper utilization of insulin?

<p>Insufficient insulin receptors on target cells (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following drugs is used to increase insulin secretion in Type II diabetes patients?

<p>Sulfonylurea compounds like tolbutamide (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the drug metformin in treating Type II diabetes?

<p>Decreasing glucose production in the liver and carbohydrate absorption (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true about the relationship between obesity and Type II diabetes?

<p>There is a noticeable correlation between the two conditions. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the GLUT4 transporter in glucose metabolism?

<p>Transporting glucose into target cells (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following amino acids acts as an inhibitory neurotransmitter?

<p>Glycine (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT found in proteins?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the full name of the NMDA receptor?

<p>N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of the NMDA receptor?

<p>It is a receptor for glutamic acid (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is glutamic acid removed from its receptor after signaling?

<p>By transporter molecules that bring it back into the neuron (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism of action for monoamine neurotransmitters?

<p>They are absorbed on a receptor, leading to signal transduction (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

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