Chemical Bonds, Types and Valency

• Chemical Bond refers to the force that holds atoms and molecules together in a compound.
• The nature of these forces is attractive.

Types of Bonds:

• Physical Bond (भौतिक बंध)
• Chemical Bond (रासायनिक बंध)

Types of Chemical Bonds (रासायनिक बंधों के प्रकार):

• Electrovalent Bond or Ionic Bond (विद्युत सहसंयोजी बंध अथवा आयनिक बंध)
• This bond involves the transfer of ions.
• Ionic bonds are very strong and do not break easily.
• A high amount of heat energy is needed to break.
• Ionic compounds have high melting and boiling points.

Valency (संयोजकता):

• Valency determines how an atom combines with other atoms.
• An atom either donates or accepts electrons to complete its octet.
• Valency is the number of electrons an atom donates or accepts.

Oxygen's Valency

• Oxygen often gains 2 electrons, thus its valency is typically 2.

Isotopes (समस्थानिक):

• Isotopes are elements having the same atomic number but different neutron numbers.
• If an atom is neutral, the number of protons equals the number of electrons in the atom.

Hydrogen Isotopes

• Protium (1H)
• Deuterium (2H)
• Tritium (3H)

Isobars:

• Isobars have the same mass number but different atomic numbers.
• Mass number is the sum of protons and neutrons.

Isotones:

• Isotones are elements with the same number of neutrons.