Chemical Bonding Forces Quiz

Material Science and Engineering

• Material Science and Engineering (MSE) is an interdisciplinary field that focuses on inventing new materials and improving previously known materials.
• Composition refers to the chemical make-up of a material.
• Structure refers to the arrangement of atoms, which can be seen at different levels of detail.
• Synthesis refers to how materials are made from naturally occurring or man-made chemicals.
• Processing refers to how materials are shaped into useful components.

Materials Properties and Performance

• Materials scientists and engineers establish relationships between the properties of a material and its performance.
• Microstructure refers to microscopic changes in structure, which can be observed with an optical microscope.

Materials Examples

• Ceramic superconductors (YBCO) can carry electrical current without resistance under certain conditions.
• Copper is a good electrical conductor wire due to its high electrical conductivity and good formability.
• Polyethylene is used in food packaging due to its ability to be easily formed into thin, flexible, airtight films.
• Epoxy is used in encapsulation of integrated circuits due to its electrically insulating and moisture-resistant properties.
• Phenolics are used in adhesives for joining piles in plywood due to their strength and moisture-resistant properties.
• Gray Cast Iron is used in automobile engine blocks due to its castability, machinability, and vibration-damping properties.

Bonding and Atomic Structure

• Attractive Force is the origin of bonding between atoms, depending on the type of bonding.
• Repulsive Force arises from the interaction between negatively charged electron clouds and is important at small values of r.
• Net Force is the sum of attractive and repulsive components.
• Ionic Bonding is found in compounds composed of both metallic and non-metallic elements.
• Covalent Bonding is found in materials with small differences in electronegativity.
• Metallic Bonding is found in metals and their alloys.

Materials Bonding and Structure

• Van der Waals (secondary bonds) are weak in comparison to primary bonding types.
• Electric Dipole exists whenever there is a separation of positive and negative portions of an atom or molecule.
• Hydrogen Bonding is a special type of secondary bonding, existing between some molecules with hydrogen.
• Crystalline Materials have atoms situated in a repeating or periodic array over large atomic distances.
• Non-crystalline / Amorphous Materials lack a crystalline structure and do not exhibit long-range atomic order.

Crystal Structure and Properties

• Crystal Structure is the spatial arrangement of atoms, ions, or molecules within a material.
• Polycrystalline Materials exhibit long-range order due to the formation of multiple small crystalline regions or grains.
• Atomic Hard-Sphere Model illustrates atoms as spheres that touch each other at their closest points, representing nearest-neighbor interactions.
• Lattice is a three-dimensional array of points coinciding with atom positions.
• Face-centered Cubic (FCC) and Body-centered Cubic (BCC) are common crystal structures found in metals.
• Hexagonal Close-Packed (HCP) Structure is a common crystal structure found in materials.

Mechanical Behavior and Properties

• Stress-strain Test is used to ascertain the mechanical behavior of a material.
• Anelasticity is a property of materials that refers to their ability to exhibit time-dependent deformation under applied stress.
• Polymorphism is the ability of a specific chemical composition to crystallize in more than one form.
• Stress is the instantaneous load divided by the original specimen cross-sectional area.
• Crystals are defined by their faces, which intersect one another at specific angles.
• Tension Test, Compression Test, and Tortional Test are used to evaluate the mechanical properties of materials.

Polymers and Materials

• Homopolymer is a polymer resulting from a single type of repeat unit.
• Geometric Isomers are possible within repeat units having a double bond between chain carbon atoms.
• Copolymers are chains composed of two or more different repeat units.
• Linear Polymers, Branched Polymers, Crosslinked Polymers, and Network Polymers are different types of polymers.
• Stereoisomerism is a phenomenon where atoms are linked together in the same order but differ in their spatial arrangement.

Ceramics and Glass

• Oxide Ceramics are prized for their exceptional properties, including hardness, stiffness, and resistance to elevated temperatures and chemical corrosion.
• Bioceramics are commonly used in biomedical applications due to their chemical inertness, hardness, and wear resistance.
• Diamond and Graphite are two primary allotropic forms of carbon, distinguished by their unique physical and chemical properties.