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Questions and Answers
What term is used to describe the arrangement of atoms in a material, as seen at different levels of detail?
What term is used to describe the arrangement of atoms in a material, as seen at different levels of detail?
Why are ceramic superconductors based on yttrium barium copper oxides (YBCO) difficult to make into long lengths of wire?
Why are ceramic superconductors based on yttrium barium copper oxides (YBCO) difficult to make into long lengths of wire?
Which material is commonly used in food packaging due to its ability to be easily formed into thin, flexible, and airtight film?
Which material is commonly used in food packaging due to its ability to be easily formed into thin, flexible, and airtight film?
What do scientists use an optical microscope to observe when studying materials?
What do scientists use an optical microscope to observe when studying materials?
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Which of the following materials is commonly used in encapsulating integrated circuits due to its electrical insulating and moisture-resistant properties?
Which of the following materials is commonly used in encapsulating integrated circuits due to its electrical insulating and moisture-resistant properties?
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In materials engineering, what aspect focuses on transforming materials into useful devices or structures?
In materials engineering, what aspect focuses on transforming materials into useful devices or structures?
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What material is primarily used in automobile engine blocks?
What material is primarily used in automobile engine blocks?
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Which material is specifically used in optoelectronic systems for converting electrical signals to light?
Which material is specifically used in optoelectronic systems for converting electrical signals to light?
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What is the primary use of SiO2-Na2O-CaO composite material?
What is the primary use of SiO2-Na2O-CaO composite material?
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Which material is suitable for use in carbide cutting tools for machining due to its thermal insulating properties?
Which material is suitable for use in carbide cutting tools for machining due to its thermal insulating properties?
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In which application would you most likely find Titanium-clad Steel based on its properties?
In which application would you most likely find Titanium-clad Steel based on its properties?
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What unique electrical behavior makes Alloy Steels suitable for use in wrenches and automobile chassis?
What unique electrical behavior makes Alloy Steels suitable for use in wrenches and automobile chassis?
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What is the consequence of specific phase relationships established between two or more waves that have been scattered by obstacles?
What is the consequence of specific phase relationships established between two or more waves that have been scattered by obstacles?
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Which property refers to a material's ability to exhibit time-dependent deformation under applied stress?
Which property refers to a material's ability to exhibit time-dependent deformation under applied stress?
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In what form of electromagnetic radiation do X-rays belong?
In what form of electromagnetic radiation do X-rays belong?
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What type of crystal structure is found in many metals and has a unit cell of cubic geometry with atoms at each corner and the centers of all cube faces?
What type of crystal structure is found in many metals and has a unit cell of cubic geometry with atoms at each corner and the centers of all cube faces?
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Which test is used to ascertain the mechanical behavior of a material by applying a gradually increasing tensile load along the long axis of a specimen?
Which test is used to ascertain the mechanical behavior of a material by applying a gradually increasing tensile load along the long axis of a specimen?
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Which phenomenon refers to the ability of a specific chemical composition to crystallize in more than one form?
Which phenomenon refers to the ability of a specific chemical composition to crystallize in more than one form?
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What type of deformation occurs when a material is deformed beyond its elastic limit?
What type of deformation occurs when a material is deformed beyond its elastic limit?
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What term describes materials ability to absorb energy when deformed elastically and recover it upon unloading?
What term describes materials ability to absorb energy when deformed elastically and recover it upon unloading?
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What characterizes a material as intermediate between fully elastic and fully viscous in terms of behavior?
What characterizes a material as intermediate between fully elastic and fully viscous in terms of behavior?
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What does the Diamond cubic form represent in terms of crystal structures?
What does the Diamond cubic form represent in terms of crystal structures?
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Study Notes
Material Science and Engineering
- Material Science and Engineering (MSE) is an interdisciplinary field that focuses on inventing new materials and improving previously known materials.
- Composition refers to the chemical make-up of a material.
- Structure refers to the arrangement of atoms, which can be seen at different levels of detail.
- Synthesis refers to how materials are made from naturally occurring or man-made chemicals.
- Processing refers to how materials are shaped into useful components.
Materials Properties and Performance
- Materials scientists and engineers establish relationships between the properties of a material and its performance.
- Microstructure refers to microscopic changes in structure, which can be observed with an optical microscope.
Materials Examples
- Ceramic superconductors (YBCO) can carry electrical current without resistance under certain conditions.
- Copper is a good electrical conductor wire due to its high electrical conductivity and good formability.
- Polyethylene is used in food packaging due to its ability to be easily formed into thin, flexible, airtight films.
- Epoxy is used in encapsulation of integrated circuits due to its electrically insulating and moisture-resistant properties.
- Phenolics are used in adhesives for joining piles in plywood due to their strength and moisture-resistant properties.
- Gray Cast Iron is used in automobile engine blocks due to its castability, machinability, and vibration-damping properties.
Bonding and Atomic Structure
- Attractive Force is the origin of bonding between atoms, depending on the type of bonding.
- Repulsive Force arises from the interaction between negatively charged electron clouds and is important at small values of r.
- Net Force is the sum of attractive and repulsive components.
- Ionic Bonding is found in compounds composed of both metallic and non-metallic elements.
- Covalent Bonding is found in materials with small differences in electronegativity.
- Metallic Bonding is found in metals and their alloys.
Materials Bonding and Structure
- Van der Waals (secondary bonds) are weak in comparison to primary bonding types.
- Electric Dipole exists whenever there is a separation of positive and negative portions of an atom or molecule.
- Hydrogen Bonding is a special type of secondary bonding, existing between some molecules with hydrogen.
- Crystalline Materials have atoms situated in a repeating or periodic array over large atomic distances.
- Non-crystalline / Amorphous Materials lack a crystalline structure and do not exhibit long-range atomic order.
Crystal Structure and Properties
- Crystal Structure is the spatial arrangement of atoms, ions, or molecules within a material.
- Polycrystalline Materials exhibit long-range order due to the formation of multiple small crystalline regions or grains.
- Atomic Hard-Sphere Model illustrates atoms as spheres that touch each other at their closest points, representing nearest-neighbor interactions.
- Lattice is a three-dimensional array of points coinciding with atom positions.
- Face-centered Cubic (FCC) and Body-centered Cubic (BCC) are common crystal structures found in metals.
- Hexagonal Close-Packed (HCP) Structure is a common crystal structure found in materials.
Mechanical Behavior and Properties
- Stress-strain Test is used to ascertain the mechanical behavior of a material.
- Anelasticity is a property of materials that refers to their ability to exhibit time-dependent deformation under applied stress.
- Polymorphism is the ability of a specific chemical composition to crystallize in more than one form.
- Stress is the instantaneous load divided by the original specimen cross-sectional area.
- Crystals are defined by their faces, which intersect one another at specific angles.
- Tension Test, Compression Test, and Tortional Test are used to evaluate the mechanical properties of materials.
Polymers and Materials
- Homopolymer is a polymer resulting from a single type of repeat unit.
- Geometric Isomers are possible within repeat units having a double bond between chain carbon atoms.
- Copolymers are chains composed of two or more different repeat units.
- Linear Polymers, Branched Polymers, Crosslinked Polymers, and Network Polymers are different types of polymers.
- Stereoisomerism is a phenomenon where atoms are linked together in the same order but differ in their spatial arrangement.
Ceramics and Glass
- Oxide Ceramics are prized for their exceptional properties, including hardness, stiffness, and resistance to elevated temperatures and chemical corrosion.
- Bioceramics are commonly used in biomedical applications due to their chemical inertness, hardness, and wear resistance.
- Diamond and Graphite are two primary allotropic forms of carbon, distinguished by their unique physical and chemical properties.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the different types of forces involved in chemical bonding, such as attractive and repulsive forces, net force, and ionic bonding. Learn about how these forces originate and affect the bond formation between atoms.
