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Questions and Answers
What is formed as a result of the unequal sharing of electrons between atoms?
What is formed as a result of the unequal sharing of electrons between atoms?
Which type of bond must be broken for water to vaporize?
Which type of bond must be broken for water to vaporize?
What is the total number of electrons shared in a molecule of carbon dioxide (CO2)?
What is the total number of electrons shared in a molecule of carbon dioxide (CO2)?
In water (H2O), the bonds between hydrogen and oxygen are classified as what type of bonds?
In water (H2O), the bonds between hydrogen and oxygen are classified as what type of bonds?
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Which of the following molecules contains the strongest polar covalent bond?
Which of the following molecules contains the strongest polar covalent bond?
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Why does ice float in liquid water?
Why does ice float in liquid water?
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What best explains the bond formed by the sharing of two pairs of valence electrons?
What best explains the bond formed by the sharing of two pairs of valence electrons?
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What is the primary reason for the high specific heat of water?
What is the primary reason for the high specific heat of water?
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What must happen for a covalent bond to be considered polar?
What must happen for a covalent bond to be considered polar?
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What type of bond is formed when chlorine gains an electron from sodium?
What type of bond is formed when chlorine gains an electron from sodium?
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What is the reason a water strider can walk across a pond's surface?
What is the reason a water strider can walk across a pond's surface?
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What differentiates one amino acid from another?
What differentiates one amino acid from another?
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Which molecule is classified as a polymer?
Which molecule is classified as a polymer?
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How many covalent bonds can a single carbon atom form at maximum?
How many covalent bonds can a single carbon atom form at maximum?
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Which statement accurately reflects the structure of a carbonyl functional group?
Which statement accurately reflects the structure of a carbonyl functional group?
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What effect does changing one amino acid in a 325 amino acid long protein have?
What effect does changing one amino acid in a 325 amino acid long protein have?
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Which two functional groups are always found in amino acids?
Which two functional groups are always found in amino acids?
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Which of the following could amylase break down?
Which of the following could amylase break down?
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What bonds are created during the formation of the primary structure of a protein?
What bonds are created during the formation of the primary structure of a protein?
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What is the chemical mechanism by which cells make polymers from monomers?
What is the chemical mechanism by which cells make polymers from monomers?
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Which of the following stores and transmits hereditary information?
Which of the following stores and transmits hereditary information?
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Which of the following polymers contains nitrogen?
Which of the following polymers contains nitrogen?
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Which of the following statements concerning saturated fats is false?
Which of the following statements concerning saturated fats is false?
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Which of the following structure-function pairs is incorrect?
Which of the following structure-function pairs is incorrect?
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What limits the size of certain types of cells?
What limits the size of certain types of cells?
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What organelle is primarily responsible for synthesizing oils, phospholipids, and steroids?
What organelle is primarily responsible for synthesizing oils, phospholipids, and steroids?
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Which organelle prevents the general destruction of cellular components by packaging hydrolytic enzymes?
Which organelle prevents the general destruction of cellular components by packaging hydrolytic enzymes?
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What characterizes the polarity of the Golgi apparatus?
What characterizes the polarity of the Golgi apparatus?
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Which organelle contains its own DNA and ribosomes?
Which organelle contains its own DNA and ribosomes?
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Under what conditions would a cell have numerous free ribosomes?
Under what conditions would a cell have numerous free ribosomes?
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Which structure is not part of the endomembrane system?
Which structure is not part of the endomembrane system?
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What is primarily instrumental in the detoxification processes within liver cells?
What is primarily instrumental in the detoxification processes within liver cells?
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Which molecules are primarily synthesized by cells with large numbers of ribosomes?
Which molecules are primarily synthesized by cells with large numbers of ribosomes?
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Where inside a eukaryotic cell can DNA be found aside from the nucleus?
Where inside a eukaryotic cell can DNA be found aside from the nucleus?
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Which statement about bound ribosomes is accurate?
Which statement about bound ribosomes is accurate?
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What characterizes integral membrane proteins?
What characterizes integral membrane proteins?
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Which molecule is likely to move most easily through the lipid bilayer of the plasma membrane?
Which molecule is likely to move most easily through the lipid bilayer of the plasma membrane?
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Why does water pass through cell membranes more quickly than expected?
Why does water pass through cell membranes more quickly than expected?
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Which statement describes the process of diffusion accurately?
Which statement describes the process of diffusion accurately?
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What factor would influence whether a new drug can enter target cells?
What factor would influence whether a new drug can enter target cells?
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Study Notes
Chemical Bonding
- Unequal sharing of electrons between atoms results in a polar covalent bond.
- Hydrogen bonds give water its cohesive property.
- An hydrogen bond is the bond between the H of one water molecule and the O of another water molecule.
- Four electrons must be shared between one carbon atom and two oxygen atoms in order to complete the outer electron shell of all three atoms in carbon dioxide.
- Van der Waals interactions result when electrons are not symmetrically distributed in a molecule.
- If an atom absorbs sufficient energy, an electron may move to an electron shell farther out from the nucleus.
- Two pairs of valence electrons are shared between atoms in a double covalent bond.
- Two hydrogen atoms are bonded to a single oxygen atom in a water molecule by polar covalent bonds.
- Hydrogen bonds must be broken for water to vaporize.
- The cation of ammonium chloride salt (NH4Cl) is NH4, with a charge of +1.
- Covalent bonds involve the sharing of electrons between atoms, and ionic bonds involve the electrical attraction between oppositely charged atoms.
- The strongest polar covalent bond is found in H2O molecule.
- Van der Waals interactions are weak attractions between the nuclei of one molecule and the electrons of a nearby molecule.
- Hydrogen bonds are the main reason for the attraction of water molecules to one another.
- Hydrogen bonds stabilize and keep the water molecules in ice farther apart than those in liquid water, leading to ice floating in liquid water.
- Ionic bonds result from the transfer of electron(s) between atoms.
- The high specific heat of water is mainly due to the absorption and release of heat when hydrogen bonds break and form.
- A covalent bond is likely to be polar when one of the sharing atoms is much more electronegative.
- Hydrogen bonds are formed when the slight negative charge at one end of one water molecule is attracted to the slight positive charge of another water molecule
- Chlorine gains an electron from sodium in the ionic bond of sodium chloride (NaCl).
- The high surface tension of water allows a water strider to walk across the surface of a small pond.
- Nonpolar covalent bonds are formed when two atoms are equally electronegative.
Macromolecules
- Both starch and cellulose are polymers of glucose.
- The unique structure of its "side chain" or "R-group," which is attached to the central carbon atom of the amino acid, makes one amino acid different from another.
- Lipids are not soluble in water.
- Testosterone and estradiol have different functional groups attached to the same carbon skeleton.
- Carbon can form a maximum of four covalent bonds.
- Dehydration reactions assemble polymers; hydrolysis reactions break polymers apart.
- Glucose is not a polymer.
- A carbonyl functional group is where a double covalent bond joins a carbon atom to an oxygen atom.
- Ibuprofen is a mixture of two enantiomers, mirror-image molecules with the same chemical formula but different 3D structures.
- Geometric isomers have the same types and number of atoms but differ in their covalent bond arrangement.
- Changing one amino acid in a protein consisting of 325 amino acids would change the primary structure of the protein, might change the tertiary structure of the protein, and might alter the biological activity of the protein.
- Carboxl and amino functional groups are always found in amino acids.
- Glycogen can be broken down by the enzyme amylase.
- Organic chemistry is the study of carbon-based compounds.
- Peptide bonds are created during the formation of the primary structure of a protein.
- Dehydration synthesis is the chemical mechanism by which cells make polymers from monomers.
- Nucleic acids store and transmit hereditary information.
- The bonding of two amino acid molecules to form a larger molecule requires the release of a water molecule.
- Cellulose (carbohydrate) is referred to as "insoluble fiber" on food packages.
- Carbon atoms in all organic molecules were incorporated into organic molecules by plants, were processed into sugars through photosynthesis, and were ultimately derived from carbon dioxide.
- Different enantiomers may have different or opposite physiological effects.
- A carbon atom is most likely to form covalent bonds with other atoms.
- Chitin is a polymer containing nitrogen.
- Carbon-containing compounds are mainly studied in organic chemistry.
- Saturated fats do not have multiple double bonds in the carbon chains of their fatty acids.
- Glucose and fructose differ in the arrangement of their functional groups.
- Polysaccharides, lipids, and proteins are synthesized from monomers by dehydration reactions.
Tour of Cells
- A cell with enzymes, DNA, ribosomes, plasma membrane, and mitochondria could be a plant cell.
- Golgi apparatus; ATP production is an incorrect structure-function pair.
- The need for a surface area of sufficient size to allow for all the cell's functions is a major cause of the size limits for certain types of cells.
- Mitochondria are one of the main energy transformers of cells.
- Lysosomes function in compartmentalization of hydrolytic enzymes in animal cells.
- The smooth endoplasmic reticulum is primarily involved in the synthesis of oils, phospholipids, and steroids.
- Transport vesicles fuse with one side of the Golgi and leave from the opposite side; proteins in the membrane of the Golgi may be sorted and modified as they move from one side of the Golgi to the other side; lipids in the Golgi membrane may be sorted and modified as they move from one side to the other; soluble proteins in the cisternae (interior) of the Golgi may be sorted and modified as they move from one side to the other. are correct statements describing the polarity of the Golgi apparatus.
- Mitochondria contain their own DNA and ribosomes.
- An endoplasmic reticulum is not part of a prokaryotic cell.
- Rough endoplasmic reticulum is the site of synthesis of proteins that may be exported from the cell.
- A cell that is making a lot of cytoplasmic enzymes would have lots of free ribosomes.
- Chloroplasts are not part of the endomembrane system.
- The function of the Golgi apparatus is to sort membrane components, determining the difference in lipid and protein composition between the membranes of the endomembrane system.
- Mitochondria are common to both plant and animal cells.
- Chloroplasts are capable of converting light energy into chemical energy.
- Mitochondria are not considered part of the endomembrane system because its structure is not derived from the endoplasmic reticulum.
- Smooth endoplasmic reticulum are abundant in liver cells, which are involved in the detoxification of many poisons and drugs.
- Ribosomes are present in prokaryotic cells.
- Proteins are the molecules specialized by cells with large numbers of ribosomes.
- Chloroplast is another location besides the nucleus where DNA can be found inside a eukaryotic cell.
- Bound ribosomes generally synthesize cytoplasmic proteins.
Cell Membranes
- Integral membrane proteins are usually transmembrane proteins that pass through layers of the membrane.
- The major structural components of the cell membrane are phospholipids and proteins.
- CO2 would move most easily through a lipid bilayer of the plasma membrane.
- Amphipathic proteins are transmembrane proteins.
- The rapid uptake of large amounts of glucose from glucose-rich food into glucose-poor cytoplasms by cells lining the small intestine can be explained by facilitated diffusion.
- Water passes through cell membranes more quickly than expected because it passes through dedicated aquaporins in the cell membrane.
- Molecules moving from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration is the definition of diffusion.
- The fluid mosaic model of cell membranes states that phospholipids can move laterally along the plane of the membrane.
- The similarity of a new drug to a molecule that would normally be transported into target cells determines whether this drug enters the cell.
- Different properties of their cell membranes are selected for or against as populations evolve.
- The membranes of a eukaryotic cell can vary in lipid composition, protein composition, and the presence of specialized membrane structures.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the principles of chemical bonding, including polar covalent and hydrogen bonds. This quiz covers essential concepts such as electron sharing, interactions, and the properties of molecules like water. Dive into the fascinating world of chemistry and see how well you understand these crucial topics!
