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Questions and Answers
What is the correct mass number for Uranium-238?
What is the correct mass number for Uranium-238?
- 234
- 238 (correct)
- 146
- 92
Which particle is represented by the symbol 0 e-1?
Which particle is represented by the symbol 0 e-1?
- beta particle (correct)
- neutron
- gamma ray
- alpha particle
In the reaction 7N14 + 2He4 --> 8O17 + P4XA4, what is the total number of nucleons on the reactants' side?
In the reaction 7N14 + 2He4 --> 8O17 + P4XA4, what is the total number of nucleons on the reactants' side?
- 16
- 20
- 18 (correct)
- 22
Which statement about isotopes is true?
Which statement about isotopes is true?
What does the notation A = P + N represent regarding isotopes?
What does the notation A = P + N represent regarding isotopes?
What characterizes an endothermic reaction?
What characterizes an endothermic reaction?
Which of the following statements about isotopic abundance is correct?
Which of the following statements about isotopic abundance is correct?
In the decay of uranium-238, what is emitted in an alpha decay process?
In the decay of uranium-238, what is emitted in an alpha decay process?
What uniquely identifies an element within the atomic nucleus?
What uniquely identifies an element within the atomic nucleus?
Which of the following isotopes represents a mass number of 14?
Which of the following isotopes represents a mass number of 14?
Which statement best defines a nuclear isomer?
Which statement best defines a nuclear isomer?
What is the half-life range that typically characterizes a metastable state?
What is the half-life range that typically characterizes a metastable state?
What does a radioactive isotope eventually decay into?
What does a radioactive isotope eventually decay into?
What defines a stable isotope?
What defines a stable isotope?
What type of reaction absorbs energy and results in an increase of mass in the products?
What type of reaction absorbs energy and results in an increase of mass in the products?
Which of the following depicts a process that releases energy?
Which of the following depicts a process that releases energy?
What must be satisfied to balance a nuclear reaction involving four different nuclear symbols K, L, M, and N?
What must be satisfied to balance a nuclear reaction involving four different nuclear symbols K, L, M, and N?
In the reaction 13Al27 + 2He4 ---> 14Si30 + H1, what is the change in mass (∆m)?
In the reaction 13Al27 + 2He4 ---> 14Si30 + H1, what is the change in mass (∆m)?
Which element is produced in the reaction 13Al27 + 2He4?
Which element is produced in the reaction 13Al27 + 2He4?
What type of reaction is exemplified by the equation 226Ra → 4He + 222Rn?
What type of reaction is exemplified by the equation 226Ra → 4He + 222Rn?
What characterizes a nuclear fission reaction?
What characterizes a nuclear fission reaction?
In a nuclear fusion reaction, which of the following occurs?
In a nuclear fusion reaction, which of the following occurs?
What is the significance of a negative change in mass (∆m) in a nuclear reaction?
What is the significance of a negative change in mass (∆m) in a nuclear reaction?
When balancing the nuclear reaction 13Al27 + 2He4 ---> 14Si30 + H1, what does P4 equal based on proton balance?
When balancing the nuclear reaction 13Al27 + 2He4 ---> 14Si30 + H1, what does P4 equal based on proton balance?
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Study Notes
Chemical Reactions
- Synthesis Reaction: Combines elements to form compounds (e.g., C + O2 → CO2).
- Decomposition Reaction: Breaks down compounds into simpler substances (e.g., 2H2O → 2H2 + O2).
- Simple Replacement Reaction: One element replaces another in a compound (e.g., Fe + CuSO4 → FeSO4 + Cu).
- Double Replacement Reaction: Components of two compounds exchange places (e.g., 2KOH + H2SO4 → K2SO4 + 2H2O).
Nuclear Reactions
- Nuclear Fission: Splitting of a heavy nucleus into smaller nuclei, releasing energy (e.g., 235U + n1 → 36Kr + 56Ba + 3(0n1) + MeV).
- Nuclear Fusion: Combining light nuclei to form a heavier nucleus, also releasing energy (e.g., H2 + H2 → H3 + H1 + MeV).
- Radioactive Decay: Process by which an unstable nucleus loses energy by emitting radiation (e.g., 226Ra → 4He + 222Rn).
Balancing Nuclear Reactions
- General form for nuclear reactions: KA1 + LA2 → MA3 + NA4, where
- P = number of protons
- A = mass number.
- Balancing equations requires:
- P1 + P2 = P3 + P4
- A1 + A2 = A3 + A4.
Sample Problem in Nuclear Reactions
- Example: Reaction of 13Al27 + 2He4 → 14Si30 + H1.
- Balancing yields:
- Proton count: P4 = 13 + 2 - 14 = 1.
- Mass number: A4 = 27 + 4 - 30 = 1.
Change in Mass Calculation
- Reaction: 13Al27 + 2He4 → 14Si30 + H1.
- Calculate total masses:
- Reactants: Al27 (26.9815 amu) + He4 (4.0003 amu) = 30.9818 amu.
- Products: Si30 (29.9738 amu) + H1 (1.0078 amu) = 30.9816 amu.
- Change in mass (Δm) = Total MassProducts – Total MassReactants = 30.9816 - 30.9818 = -0.0002 amu, indicating an exothermic reaction.
Nuclear Periodic Table
- Atomic identity is based on the number of protons (atomic number).
- Mass number (nucleons) varies among isotopes; carbon has isotopes carbon-12, carbon-13, and carbon-14.
- Nuclear isomers have metastable states with long half-lives, differing from non-metastable states.
Radioactive Isotopes
- Radioactive isotopes (radioisotopes) have unstable nuclei that undergo decay to reach stability.
- Example: Radium-226 decays to Lead-206.
- Application of radioisotopes includes medical therapy and diagnostics.
Types of Reactions
- Endothermic Reaction: Absorbs energy; mass increases in products.
- Exothermic Reaction: Releases energy; mass decreases in products.
Isotopic Composition and Abundance
- Elements can exist as multiple isotopes due to varying nucleon combinations.
- Isotopic abundance represents the fraction of an isotope compared to its natural counterpart, often denoted as f.
- Example: Sodium has only one isotope (23Na), thus its isotopic abundance is f = 1.000.
- Hydrogen has three isotopes:
- 1H (no neutrons),
- 2H (one neutron, known as Deuterium),
- 3H (two neutrons, radioactive).
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