Chemia Inorganica Pharmacologica

Pharmaceutical Inorganic Chemistry

• Abundance of Elements:

  • Oxygen is the most abundant element
  • Silicon is the second most abundant element
  • Aluminum is the third most abundant element
  • Other elements include Magnesium, Potassium, Sodium, Calcium, Iron, Hydrogen, and others.

• Noble Gas Abundance:

  • Argon is the most abundant noble gas.
  • Krypton and Xenon are the least abundant noble gases.

• Air Gas Composition:

  • Nitrogen (N₂) accounts for ~ 78% by volume.
  • Oxygen (O2) accounts for ~ 21% by volume.
  • Argon (Ar) constitutes ~ 0.934% by volume.
  • Other gases, such as Carbon dioxide (CO2), Neon (Ne), Helium (He), Methane (CH4), and Krypton (Kr), exist in much smaller percentages.

• Intracellular and Extracellular Ions:

  • Intracellular: Potassium is the most abundant cation, while Biphosphate is the most abundant anion.
  • Extracellular: Sodium is the most abundant cation, while Chloride is the most abundant anion.
  • Second most abundant ions include Magnesium (intracellular), Calcium (extracellular), and Bicarbonate (extracellular).

• Vitamins and Mineral Absorption:

  • Vitamin C is crucial for Iron (Fe) absorption.
  • Vitamin D is essential for Calcium (Ca) absorption.
  • Vitamin E helps in Selenium (Se) uptake.

• Containers:

  • Different types of containers have specific colours used for labelling different compounds based on the compound and its respective properties.
  • Examples given include black for Nitrogen, blue for N2O, green for Oxygen, dark green for Mg(OH)2 etc.

• Glass Types:

  • Highly Resistant Borosilicate Glass: High resistance to leaching, chemical attack, and heat shock. Used for acidic parenteral preparations.
  • Treated Soda Lime Glass: Moderate hydrolytic resistance. Suitable for parenteral preparations
  • Soda Lime Glass: Low hydrolytic resistance. Not suitable for parenteral use. Used for non-aqueous, powdered injectable preparations

• Glass Leach Tests:

  • Powdered Glass Test: Used to evaluate leaching properties of crushed glass.
  • Water Attack Test: Evaluates leaching of intact glass.
  • Surface Glass Test: Assesses resistance to glass's inner layer leaching

• Glass Modification:

  • Potassium (K): Adds brown/amber, light resistance properties
  • Selenium (Se): Red hue.
  • Manganese Dioxide (MnO₂): Changes blue-green color and reduces expansion.
  • Boron (B) as borate compounds: Decreased expansion and increased refractive index
  • Lead (Pb): Increases refractive index
  • Rare earths: Selectively absorb light
  • Hydrofluoric Acid (HF): Used for glass etching.

• Important Alloys:

  • Alloys combine different metals, reducing their slip ability. This enhances their properties to meet particular needs. Pure metals typically have atoms arranged in a manner that allows them to slide past each other.
  • Specific alloy compositions for numerous applications are listed.

• Radiopharmaceuticals:

  • Radiopharmaceuticals are composed of a radioactive isotope linked to a targeting molecule that is meant to target a specific receptor or tissue.
    • Radioactive Isotopes
    • Linker
    • Targeting molecule
    • Target protein
    • Cancer cell

• Radiopharmaceutical Classifications (Examples): The chemical name, other name, and typical use of radiopharmaceuticals are mentioned for various organs/systems. Liver, Kidney, Heart, Thyroid, and 'Others' are included in the classification.

In hoc examen explorabitur abundantia elementorum et gasorum in aere, necnon ionum intra et extra cellularium. Disce de elementis ut Oxygen, Silicon, et Argon, ac de compositione aëris. Hoc examen paratum est ad studendum fundamenta chemiae inorganicae in pharmacologia.