Chem110 Chapter 14: Chemical Equilibrium

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Questions and Answers

What is the concept of chemical equilibrium?

Chemical equilibrium is achieved when the rates of the forward and reverse reactions are equal, and the concentrations of the reactants and products remain constant.

In the reaction $A + B \rightleftharpoons C + D$, the equilibrium constant expression can be represented as $K = \frac{[C][D]}{[A][B]}$. The letters _, _, _, and _ represent the stoichiometric coefficients.

a, b, c, d

Most chemical reactions proceed in one direction.

False

What is the equilibrium constant (K)?

K is the equilibrium constant representing the ratio of products' concentrations to reactants' concentrations at equilibrium. Signup and view all the answers

If K >> 1, what does it indicate about the reaction's equilibrium?

The reaction favors the products Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of physical equilibrium?

H2O(l) ↔ H2O(g) Signup and view all the answers

Provide an example of chemical equilibrium.

N2O4(g) ↔ 2NO2(g) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following compounds is an alkane?

C10H22 Signup and view all the answers

What is the general formula for alkanes?

CnH2n+2 Signup and view all the answers

What is the systematic name for the following compound: 2,2,4-trimethylhexane?

2,2,4-trimethylhexane Signup and view all the answers

Which of these formulas is that of an unsaturated hydrocarbon?

CH3–CH=CH2 Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the general formula for alkynes?

CnH2n-2 Signup and view all the answers

What functional group characterizes alcohols?

Hydroxyl group (-OH) Signup and view all the answers

A protein is classified as a:

Polymer of amino acids Signup and view all the answers

Which type of functional group does not include a carbonyl group?

Ether Signup and view all the answers

Define the term 'functional group' in organic chemistry.

Groups that are responsible for most chemical reactions of organic compounds. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Chemical Equilibrium

Reactions often proceed in the reverse direction, represented as (A + B \leftrightarrow C + D).
Chemical equilibrium occurs when the rates of the forward and reverse reactions are equal.
At equilibrium, concentrations of reactants and products remain constant over time.

Types of Equilibrium

Physical Equilibrium: Example - (H_2O_{(l)} \leftrightarrow H_2O_{(g)}).
Chemical Equilibrium: Example - (N_2O_4_{(g)} \leftrightarrow 2NO_2_{(g)}).

Equilibrium Constant (K)

For a general reversible reaction (aA + bB \leftrightarrow cC + dD), the equilibrium constant is defined as: [ K = \frac{[C]^c [D]^d}{[A]^a [B]^b} ]
Variables: (a, b, c, d) are the stoichiometric coefficients for reactants and products.
(K) provides a constant ratio of concentrations of products to reactants at equilibrium under constant temperature.

Interpretation of K Value

If (K >> 1): Reaction favors products, indicating larger concentrations of products compared to reactants.
If (K << 1): Reaction favors reactants, indicating larger concentrations of reactants compared to products.

Factors Affecting Chemical Equilibrium

Changes in concentration, temperature, and pressure can shift the position of equilibrium, affecting the concentrations of reactants and products.

Organic Chemistry Overview

Organic chemistry focuses on carbon-containing compounds.
Carbon's unique ability allows formation of long chains and ring structures.

Classification of Organic Compounds

Hydrocarbons: Composed solely of carbon and hydrogen.
- Aliphatic: Do not have a benzene group.
- Aromatic: Contain one or more benzene rings.

Aliphatic Hydrocarbons

Divided into four categories:
- Alkanes: Single covalent bonds; general formula CnH2n+2; examples: methane (CH4), ethane (C2H6), propane (C3H8).
- Cycloalkanes: Carbon atoms form rings; general formula CnH2n.
- Alkenes: At least one C=C double bond; general formula CnH2n.
- Alkynes: At least one C≡C triple bond; general formula CnH2n-2.

Nomenclature of Alkanes

Follow IUPAC rules:
- Identify the longest carbon chain (parent alkane).
- Number the chain from the side nearest a branching point.
- Note the position and name of branches.
- Use prefixes (di-, tri-, tetra-) for multiple identical branches.
- List substituents alphabetically when more than one type is present.

Aromatic Hydrocarbons

Characterized by the presence of benzene rings.
Naming involves identifying the substituent's position relative to each other (ortho- (1,2), meta- (1,3), para- (1,4)).

Functional Groups in Organic Chemistry

Functional groups dictate the behavior of compounds:
- Alcohols: Contain hydroxyl group (-OH).
- Ethers: Formed as R-O-R’.
- Aldehydes: Contain carbonyl group with hydrogen.
- Ketones: Contain carbonyl group with hydrocarbon chains.
- Carboxylic Acids: Contain carboxyl group (-COOH).
- Esters: Formed from carboxylic acids and alcohols; associated with fruit flavors.
- Amines: Organic bases with the formula R3N.

Proteins

Proteins are polymers made of amino acids called polypeptides.
Function in biological processes such as catalyzing biochemical reactions, transporting materials, and immune responses.
Comprise elements: Carbon (50-55%), Hydrogen (7%), Oxygen (23%), Nitrogen (16%), and Sulfur (1%).
Basic unit of proteins are amino acids, containing both amino (-NH2) and carboxyl (-COOH) groups.

Amino Acids

Exist as dipolar ions at neutral pH.
Link together through peptide bonds to form proteins.

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Description

Test your understanding of chemical equilibrium through this quiz on Chapter 14 of Chem110. You'll explore key concepts such as equilibrium constants, their expressions, and factors affecting equilibrium. Prepare to apply your knowledge to real chemical reactions!