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Questions and Answers
Who is credited with the discovery of carbon dioxide?
Who is credited with the discovery of carbon dioxide?
What is a characteristic of the carbon dioxide molecule regarding its dipole moment?
What is a characteristic of the carbon dioxide molecule regarding its dipole moment?
Besides fossil fuel burning, what is another source of carbon dioxide?
Besides fossil fuel burning, what is another source of carbon dioxide?
What unique property of carbon dioxide allows it to be used as a refrigerant in A/C systems?
What unique property of carbon dioxide allows it to be used as a refrigerant in A/C systems?
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At approximately what temperature does dry ice undergo sublimation?
At approximately what temperature does dry ice undergo sublimation?
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What makes carbon dioxide suitable for use in fire extinguishers?
What makes carbon dioxide suitable for use in fire extinguishers?
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What is a common industrial application of carbon dioxide outside of refrigeration and fire suppression?
What is a common industrial application of carbon dioxide outside of refrigeration and fire suppression?
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In what form is carbon dioxide typically used to create carbonated beverages?
In what form is carbon dioxide typically used to create carbonated beverages?
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What is the primary chemical role of carbon on Earth?
What is the primary chemical role of carbon on Earth?
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Which of the following best describes the behavior of CO2 under normal atmospheric pressure?
Which of the following best describes the behavior of CO2 under normal atmospheric pressure?
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In the infrared spectrum of $CO_2$, what does the peak at approximately 2369 cm$^{-1}$ represent?
In the infrared spectrum of $CO_2$, what does the peak at approximately 2369 cm$^{-1}$ represent?
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What is the significance of the critical point of $CO_2$?
What is the significance of the critical point of $CO_2$?
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Which industrial process directly releases $CO_2$ as a product of chemical decomposition?
Which industrial process directly releases $CO_2$ as a product of chemical decomposition?
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What is the primary reactant, besides carbon dioxide, used in the Bosch-Meiser process to produce urea?
What is the primary reactant, besides carbon dioxide, used in the Bosch-Meiser process to produce urea?
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At what set of conditions does $CO_2$ exist in all three phases of matter?
At what set of conditions does $CO_2$ exist in all three phases of matter?
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Why is supercritical $CO_2$ useful a solvent in chemical processes?
Why is supercritical $CO_2$ useful a solvent in chemical processes?
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What are the primary products derived from the conversion of urea?
What are the primary products derived from the conversion of urea?
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Which chemical is replaced by Dimethylcarbonate (DMC) in the context of the content?
Which chemical is replaced by Dimethylcarbonate (DMC) in the context of the content?
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What is the main reason for avoiding the addition of salt to water in the traditional "salting out" method according to the text?
What is the main reason for avoiding the addition of salt to water in the traditional "salting out" method according to the text?
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According to Scheme 4, what triggers the switch to a hydrophilic solvent in the first two cases?
According to Scheme 4, what triggers the switch to a hydrophilic solvent in the first two cases?
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In the context of the switchable solvents, what is the main function of CO2?
In the context of the switchable solvents, what is the main function of CO2?
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What process is used to create polymers from methanol in the content provided?
What process is used to create polymers from methanol in the content provided?
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What are the potential application of switchable solvents mentioned in the text?
What are the potential application of switchable solvents mentioned in the text?
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What type of resin is produced using both urea and formaldehyde?
What type of resin is produced using both urea and formaldehyde?
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In the Bosch-Meiser process, what is the primary intermediate compound formed before urea?
In the Bosch-Meiser process, what is the primary intermediate compound formed before urea?
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According to the provided information on the Bosch-Meiser process, what is the approximate total enthalpy change in kJ/mol for the two main steps in the urea production, provided the overall process goes to completion?
According to the provided information on the Bosch-Meiser process, what is the approximate total enthalpy change in kJ/mol for the two main steps in the urea production, provided the overall process goes to completion?
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What is the temperature range of the second step in the Bosch-Meiser process?
What is the temperature range of the second step in the Bosch-Meiser process?
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If the water gas shift reaction is exothermic, what process change would favour the products?
If the water gas shift reaction is exothermic, what process change would favour the products?
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What type of catalyst is typically used in the low-temperature stage of the water-gas shift reaction?
What type of catalyst is typically used in the low-temperature stage of the water-gas shift reaction?
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What is the primary purpose of the water gas shift reaction when used in conjunction with the Haber-Bosch process?
What is the primary purpose of the water gas shift reaction when used in conjunction with the Haber-Bosch process?
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Besides urea production, what is another major use of CO2 as a feedstock mentioned in the text?
Besides urea production, what is another major use of CO2 as a feedstock mentioned in the text?
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According to the text provided, what are the main products from reacting CO2 with H2?
According to the text provided, what are the main products from reacting CO2 with H2?
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What are the typical temperature ranges for the high and low temperature stages in the Water Gas Shift reaction?
What are the typical temperature ranges for the high and low temperature stages in the Water Gas Shift reaction?
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According to the information provided, what is a major practical application of the water gas shift reaction for fuel cell systems?
According to the information provided, what is a major practical application of the water gas shift reaction for fuel cell systems?
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Study Notes
Lecture 9 - Carbon Dioxide
- The lecturer is Jim Avik Ghoshdastidar, from Chemistry and Chemical Biology at McMaster University.
- The course is CHEM 3103 - Industrial Chemistry.
Discovery of Carbon Dioxide
- Joseph Black (1728-1799) is credited with the discovery.
- Diagrams (Fig. 1, Fig. 2, Fig. 3) illustrate early experiments related to the discovery.
The CO₂ Molecule
- Linear molecule, with no permanent dipole.
- Essential component of the carbon cycle.
- Omnipresent, playing a crucial role in life processes.
- By-product of fossil fuel and biomass combustion.
- Greenhouse gas, contributing to environmental issues.
- Refrigerant.
- Important in various industrial processes.
- Sublimes at -78°C.
The CO₂ Molecule
- Used in snow cleaning (phase diagram).
- Component in fire extinguishers.
- Used in welding.
- Maintaining inert environments (fruit, vegetables, preservation).
- Important in carbonated beverages.
- Used in manufacturing (e.g., Bosch-Meiser process).
- Solvents (e.g., scCO₂).
Carbon is the Foundation for All Life on Earth
- A diagram illustrating the global carbon cycle and its major components.
- Major carbon pools and fluxes are shown graphically.
- Human impact on the carbon cycle is highlighted with a focus on fossil fuel emissions.
Infrared Spectrum of CO₂
- Asymmetric stretch at 2369 cm⁻¹.
- Doubly degenerate bend at 667 cm⁻¹.
- The spectrum graph is included (with labels and values).
Phase Diagram of CO₂
- Triple Point: 5.11 bar, 217 K (above 1 atm).
- CO₂ sublimes at normal atmospheric pressure.
- Critical Point: 72.3 bar, 304 K.
- Supercritical fluid characteristic.
Industrial CO₂ Sources
- Fossil fuel combustion for energy.
- Haber-Bosch process (hydrogen production).
- Cement industry (CaCO₃ ⇌ CaO + CO₂).
- A pie chart displaying relative contributions of fossil fuels to CO₂ emissions.
In-Class Activity: CO₂ as a Feedstock
- Estimating urea production from all CO₂ emitted by Canada in 2022 using the Bosch-Meiser process.
- The chemical reaction and stoichiometry concepts are involved.
- EDGAR database online (Emissions Database for Global Atmospheric Research) is required.
In-Class Activity: Solution
- Finding the mass of CO₂ emitted by Canada in 2022.
- Conversion of mass to moles.
- Determining stoichiometric relationships for urea from CO₂ production.
- Calculation of the mass of urea in metric tons.
Water Gas Shift Reaction
- Exothermic reaction using mixed metal-oxide catalysts.
- High Temperature and low temperature stages with catalysts.
- Important for removing CO₂ which is a catalyst poison in some chemical processes.
- Important for steam reforming processes.
CO₂ as a Feedstock
- 50% of recovered CO₂ is used as a feedstock in manufacturing, mainly for urea and methanol.
- Conversion to formic acid and other products via reactions with hydrogen.
- Formation of various types of polymers.
Switchable Solvents (Green Centre Canada)
- CO₂ triggers changes to the hydrophilicity of specific solvents.
- Diagram showing changes of phases when CO₂ is added or removed.
- Relevant to industrial chemical processes to control some chemicals.
Lecture 10 - Emission Control
- The lecture is on emission control.
- Presented by Jim Avik Ghoshdastidar, from Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University.
- The course is CHEM 3103 - Industrial Chemistry.
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Description
This quiz explores the fundamental aspects of carbon dioxide, its discovery by Joseph Black, and its critical role in both industrial processes and environmental impact. Questions will cover the molecular characteristics of CO₂, its uses across various industries, and its significance in the carbon cycle and greenhouse gas effects.
