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Questions and Answers
A hemiacetal contains?
A hemiacetal contains?
- Two OR groups (alkoxy groups)
- Two OR groups (alkoxy groups) bonded to the same carbon
- An OH (hydroxyl) group and an OR (alkoxy) group
- An OH (hydroxyl) group and an OR (alkoxy) group bonded to the same carbon (correct)
The functional group R C O H is characteristic of?
The functional group R C O H is characteristic of?
- Esters
- Carboxylic acids
- Ethers
- Ketones
- Aldehydes (correct)
The functional group R C O R' is characteristic of?
The functional group R C O R' is characteristic of?
- Ethers
- Esters (correct)
- Ketones
- Aldehydes
- Carboxylic acids
Which compound has the lowest boiling point?
Which compound has the lowest boiling point?
Heating a carboxylic acid with a primary amine forms _____ + water.
Heating a carboxylic acid with a primary amine forms _____ + water.
Which name is possible for a carboxylic acid?
Which name is possible for a carboxylic acid?
What is the IUPAC name for the substance having the following condensed structural formula? (CH3)3CCH2COOH
What is the IUPAC name for the substance having the following condensed structural formula? (CH3)3CCH2COOH
Which compound has the highest boiling point?
Which compound has the highest boiling point?
What products are produced when a carboxylic acid reacts with an alcohol, in the presence of sulfuric acid?
What products are produced when a carboxylic acid reacts with an alcohol, in the presence of sulfuric acid?
Carboxylic acids react with bases, such as NaOH, to form _____.
Carboxylic acids react with bases, such as NaOH, to form _____.
What is the treatment of a carboxylic acid (RCOOH) with an alcohol (R'OH) in the presence of an acid catalyst to form an ester (RCOOR') called?
What is the treatment of a carboxylic acid (RCOOH) with an alcohol (R'OH) in the presence of an acid catalyst to form an ester (RCOOR') called?
What products are formed in the acid hydrolysis of?
What products are formed in the acid hydrolysis of?
Which compound is the most soluble in water?
Which compound is the most soluble in water?
Which of these structures represents a soap?
Which of these structures represents a soap?
What is the IUPAC name of the compound shown here?
What is the IUPAC name of the compound shown here?
What is the IUPAC name of the compound shown here?
What is the IUPAC name of the compound shown here?
Which compound has the lowest boiling point?
Which compound has the lowest boiling point?
What is the IUPAC name of the compound shown here?
What is the IUPAC name of the compound shown here?
Which substance is a weak acid in aqueous solution?
Which substance is a weak acid in aqueous solution?
Which substance is a weak base in aqueous solution?
Which substance is a weak base in aqueous solution?
What are monosaccharides with a carbonyl group at C1 called?
What are monosaccharides with a carbonyl group at C1 called?
What is the classification of the compound shown here?
What is the classification of the compound shown here?
Which compound is the most soluble in water?
Which compound is the most soluble in water?
When converting a Fischer projection to a Haworth projection, where are all of the substituents on the right side of the carbon skeleton drawn in the Haworth projection?
When converting a Fischer projection to a Haworth projection, where are all of the substituents on the right side of the carbon skeleton drawn in the Haworth projection?
Which is not an example of a lipid?
Which is not an example of a lipid?
What functional group is contained in most hydrolyzable lipids?
What functional group is contained in most hydrolyzable lipids?
Linolenic acid, CH3CH2CH=CHCH2CH=CHCH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2COOH, is _____.
Linolenic acid, CH3CH2CH=CHCH2CH=CHCH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2COOH, is _____.
Which compound is most likely to be an oil at the lowest temperature?
Which compound is most likely to be an oil at the lowest temperature?
What two types of compounds react to form a wax?
What two types of compounds react to form a wax?
What process uses integral proteins to move ions, specifically Na+, K+, and Ca2+, through a cell membrane, traveling against the concentration gradient from the side of lower concentration to the side of higher concentration?
What process uses integral proteins to move ions, specifically Na+, K+, and Ca2+, through a cell membrane, traveling against the concentration gradient from the side of lower concentration to the side of higher concentration?
What is the main component of the cell membrane?
What is the main component of the cell membrane?
Which type of linkage between the two rings is in the structure shown?
Which type of linkage between the two rings is in the structure shown?
What is the structure of amylopectin?
What is the structure of amylopectin?
What type of polysaccharide is depicted in the 'cartoon' shown?
What type of polysaccharide is depicted in the 'cartoon' shown?
Which is the simplest amino acid?
Which is the simplest amino acid?
Which amino acid is an acidic amino acid?
Which amino acid is an acidic amino acid?
What is the charge on alanine at a pH equal to the pI?
What is the charge on alanine at a pH equal to the pI?
The term protein is usually reserved for polymers of more than _____ amino acids.
The term protein is usually reserved for polymers of more than _____ amino acids.
How many different dipeptides can be formed when one valine reacts with one glycine?
How many different dipeptides can be formed when one valine reacts with one glycine?
What is the N-terminal amino acid in the tetrapeptide glycylalanylisoleucylmethionine?
What is the N-terminal amino acid in the tetrapeptide glycylalanylisoleucylmethionine?
What is the strongest type of interaction between two cysteine amino acids in a protein?
What is the strongest type of interaction between two cysteine amino acids in a protein?
What is the strongest type of interaction between an isoleucine amino acid and a phenylalanine amino acid in a protein?
What is the strongest type of interaction between an isoleucine amino acid and a phenylalanine amino acid in a protein?
What is the process of altering the shape of a protein without breaking the amide bonds that form the primary structure?
What is the process of altering the shape of a protein without breaking the amide bonds that form the primary structure?
From the name alone, which compound is an enzyme?
From the name alone, which compound is an enzyme?
What is the three-dimensional arrangement of localized regions of a protein into α-helices and β-pleated sheets called?
What is the three-dimensional arrangement of localized regions of a protein into α-helices and β-pleated sheets called?
Which is not a characteristic of an α-helix?
Which is not a characteristic of an α-helix?
Which amino acid is most likely to be located in the interior of a globular protein?
Which amino acid is most likely to be located in the interior of a globular protein?
Which is an example of a globular protein?
Which is an example of a globular protein?
What type of inhibitor binds to the enzyme but does not bind at the active site?
What type of inhibitor binds to the enzyme but does not bind at the active site?
Which component is not part of a nucleotide?
Which component is not part of a nucleotide?
Which base is found in DNA or RNA, but not both?
Which base is found in DNA or RNA, but not both?
What is a nucleoside?
What is a nucleoside?
A polynucleotide contains _____
A polynucleotide contains _____
How many hydrogen bonds form between a G–C base pair in a DNA double helix?
How many hydrogen bonds form between a G–C base pair in a DNA double helix?
What is the complementary strand for the DNA strand 5'–AAGGTAGC–3'?
What is the complementary strand for the DNA strand 5'–AAGGTAGC–3'?
What is the process by which DNA makes a copy of itself when a cell divides?
What is the process by which DNA makes a copy of itself when a cell divides?
What is the step in the synthesis of proteins from RNA called where the genetic message contained in RNA determines the specific amino acid sequence of a protein?
What is the step in the synthesis of proteins from RNA called where the genetic message contained in RNA determines the specific amino acid sequence of a protein?
Which is not a type of RNA molecule?
Which is not a type of RNA molecule?
Which statement is not true?
Which statement is not true?
Which is not one of the three stages in translation?
Which is not one of the three stages in translation?
What is the amino acid sequence that is coded by mRNA sequence 5' AAG GCU AGU GGC 3'?
What is the amino acid sequence that is coded by mRNA sequence 5' AAG GCU AGU GGC 3'?
Which codon does not code for alanine?
Which codon does not code for alanine?
Each individual tRNA contains _____
Each individual tRNA contains _____
What polypeptide would be synthesized from the following template strand of DNA: 3' CGG AGA CGG ACG 5'?
What polypeptide would be synthesized from the following template strand of DNA: 3' CGG AGA CGG ACG 5'?
What type of mutation is expressed when a DNA sequence changes from GGA TCA CCG GAA… to GGA TCC CGG…?
What type of mutation is expressed when a DNA sequence changes from GGA TCA CCG GAA… to GGA TCC CGG…?
A DNA sequence segment is initially AAA ATG TGA CCC. Which mutation would have the largest effect on the resultant protein synthesized?
A DNA sequence segment is initially AAA ATG TGA CCC. Which mutation would have the largest effect on the resultant protein synthesized?
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Study Notes
Hemiacetals and Acetals
- Hemiacetal consists of a hydroxyl (OH) group and an alkoxy (OR) group on the same carbon atom.
- An acetal is formed when two alkoxy groups are bound to the same carbon atom.
Functional Groups
- Aldehydes are characterized by the R-C(=O)-H functional group.
- Ketones have the R-C(=O)-R' functional group.
- Carboxylic acids contain a carboxyl group, while esters are related to carboxylic acids with an alkoxy group.
Boiling Points
- Boiling points of compounds can vary significantly based on molecular structure and functional groups, with amines and carboxylic acids generally exhibiting higher boiling points.
Amides and Esters
- Heating a carboxylic acid with a primary amine produces a primary amide and water.
- Carboxylic acids react with alcohols in the presence of acid to form esters, a process known as Fischer esterification.
Solubility and Salts
- The presence of long-chain hydrocarbons affects the solubility of compounds in water, with shorter chains and polar functional groups generally increasing solubility.
Lipids and Fatty Acids
- Natural lipids often contain ester functional groups and may include triacylglycerols and cholesterol.
- Linolenic acid is classified as an omega-3 fatty acid due to its structure.
Proteins and Amino Acids
- The simplest amino acid is glycine.
- Cysteine can form disulfide bonds, which are strong interactions in proteins, while isoleucine and phenylalanine are linked by weaker London dispersion forces.
Nucleotides and Nucleic Acids
- A nucleotide consists of a nitrogen base, a monosaccharide, and a phosphate group.
- The base uracil is unique to RNA, while thymine is found only in DNA.
Translation and Codons
- Translation synthesizes proteins based on mRNA sequences, with specific codons coding for particular amino acids.
- Each tRNA carries an anticodon that recognizes its complementary mRNA codon during protein synthesis.
Mutations
- Mutations can affect protein synthesis, with point mutations being a single base change that can alter codons.
- The impact of mutations varies, with insertions and deletions often causing significant changes in protein structure.
General Concepts
- Lipids generally form through the reaction of fatty acids with high molecular weight alcohols to create waxes.
- Integral proteins play a crucial role in transporting ions across cell membranes via active transport.
Molecular Structures
- Understanding molecular structures and drawings is crucial for identifying compounds such as soaps, amino acids, and sugars.
- Distinction between globular and fibrous proteins is important in biochemistry, with hemoglobin being a key example of a globular protein.
Functional Classification
- Primary, secondary, and tertiary structures of proteins define their function and stability.
- The classification of saccharides includes categories like aldoses and ketoses, which depend on the position of the carbonyl group.
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