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Questions and Answers
Which of the following is NOT a technique used in chemical metallurgy?
Which of the following is NOT a technique used in chemical metallurgy?
In the context of the provided content, what is the primary function of 'Smelting' in chemical metallurgy?
In the context of the provided content, what is the primary function of 'Smelting' in chemical metallurgy?
Which of these is NOT a method used in pharmaceutical extraction as mentioned in the content?
Which of these is NOT a method used in pharmaceutical extraction as mentioned in the content?
What is the main difference between 'Maceration' and 'Infusion' as pharmaceutical extraction methods?
What is the main difference between 'Maceration' and 'Infusion' as pharmaceutical extraction methods?
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According to the provided content, which of the following best describes the purpose of 'Centrifugal Extraction'?
According to the provided content, which of the following best describes the purpose of 'Centrifugal Extraction'?
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Based on the provided references, which of these authors is associated with the book 'Plant Design and Economics for Chemical Engineers'?
Based on the provided references, which of these authors is associated with the book 'Plant Design and Economics for Chemical Engineers'?
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Which of the following is NOT a source of information about liquid-liquid extraction as mentioned in the content?
Which of the following is NOT a source of information about liquid-liquid extraction as mentioned in the content?
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Which of these steps in chemical metallurgy is most closely related to the process of separating valuable minerals from their ores?
Which of these steps in chemical metallurgy is most closely related to the process of separating valuable minerals from their ores?
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Based on the content, which of the following best describes the relationship between 'Centrifugal Extraction' and 'Liquid-Liquid Extraction'?
Based on the content, which of the following best describes the relationship between 'Centrifugal Extraction' and 'Liquid-Liquid Extraction'?
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Which of the following methods is MOST LIKELY to be used for extracting a volatile compound from a plant material?
Which of the following methods is MOST LIKELY to be used for extracting a volatile compound from a plant material?
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Study Notes
Absorption
- Absorption separates gas components by transferring them to a non-volatile liquid solvent.
- Types of absorption based on interaction between absorbent and absorbate:
- Physical Solution: Absorbate solubility is higher in the absorbent, with equilibrium dependent on gas phase partial pressure and temperature.
- Reversible Reaction: A chemical reaction forms a compound with substantial vapor pressure.
- Irreversible Reaction: A permanent reaction occurs between absorbate and absorbent.
- Physical absorption favors high-pressure large gas quantities; chemical absorption is suited for low-concentration scenarios.
Absorption Operation
- Conducted in equilibrium stages where gas and liquid phases interact.
- Simpler design than distillation, without needing condensers or reboilers.
- The process involves:
- Gas mixture entering an absorber where a solvent absorbs the desired gas component.
- The saturated solvent is sent to a stripper to remove the absorbed component using a stripping gas, such as steam.
Stripping Cycles
-
Temperature-Swing Cycle: Uses temperature changes for regeneration; energy-intensive; suitable for low adsorbate concentrations.
- Typical capacity exceeds 1 kg of adsorbate per 100 kg of adsorbent.
- Inert-Purge Cycle: Employs a non-adsorbing gas to lower partial pressure for desorption; cycle times are short; energy-efficient but limited capacity.
- Displacement Purge Cycle: Involves a similar adsorbing gas or liquid for regeneration; maintains nearly isothermal conditions with short cycle times.
Equipment Design and Costs
- Gas-liquid separation equipment includes cyclones, knockout drums, and spray towers.
- Costs influenced by energy requirements and design considerations like baffles.
- Gas-solid separation involves cyclones, scrubbers, and bag filters; efficiencies range from 90-99%.
- Liquid-liquid separation uses decanters and hydrocyclones; costs involve coalescence promoters.
- Solid-solid separation techniques include leaching and froth flotation, influenced by particle size and energy needs.
- Solid-liquid separation equipment consists of settlers and filters; costs depend on settling characteristics and vapor pressures.
Extraction
- Extraction utilizes a solvent to isolate components based on differential solubility in immiscible phases.
- Key factors affecting extraction include:
- Solvent Selection: Critical for selectivity and distribution coefficients.
- Temperature: Influences solubility and mass transfer.
- Phase Ratio: Affects extraction efficiency based on solvent to feed phase volume.
- Contact Time and Mixing: Essential for effective mass transfer.
Liquid-Liquid Extraction Methods
- Continuous Counter-Flow Contractors: Enable efficient phase contact but require optimal conditions to lessen viscosity impacts.
- Spray Extraction Towers: Feature large axial dispersion with limited stages; low-cost but rarely utilized.
- Packed Extraction Towers: Reduce axial mixing; more efficient for fewer stages.
- Perforated-Plate Extraction Towers: Enable efficient dispersion and coalescence; specific diameter and spacing requirements enhance performance.
Applications of Extraction
- Chemical Metallurgy: Involves mining, crushing, grinding, and various metallurgical techniques such as hydrometallurgy and pyrometallurgy.
- Pharmaceuticals: Methods include maceration and Soxhlet extraction for component isolation.
Conclusion
- Understanding absorption and extraction processes are crucial for effective separation and purification in chemical engineering applications, addressing both theoretical underpinnings and practical applications.
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Description
This quiz covers the basics of absorption and stripping in separation processes, including the concept of gas absorption and the role of solvents.
