Charlemagne and the Feudal System
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Questions and Answers

What are the two main aspects of geography?

  • Urban and rural
  • Physical and biological
  • Human and environmental
  • Natural and social (correct)

    • What is the name of the system that builds on GPS data to integrate maps and other kinds of information?

  • Mercator Projection
  • Cartography
  • GIS (correct)
  • GPS

    • What is the purpose of the map scale?

  • To show the location of the Equator
  • To measure the distance between two points on a map (correct)
  • To convert GPS coordinates to map coordinates
  • To find the longitude of a location

    • What is the International Date Line?

    <p>An imaginary line that marks the point where one date ticks over to the next</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between distance on a map and distance in real life?

    <p>The distance on the map has a constant ratio with the distance in real life</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the longitude of the International Date Line?

    <p>180 degrees</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of relief maps?

    <p>To show the different points of elevation and depression of a given area</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of mountains form when two tectonic plates collide?

    <p>Fold mountains</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the mountain range that stands between the Sahara Desert and the Mediterranean Sea?

    <p>The Atlas Mountains</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process that created the Himalayas over millions of years?

    <p>Plate tectonics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the legendary creature said to roam the Himalayas?

    <p>The Yeti</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the mountain that is so high up that climbers need oxygen?

    <p>Mount Everest</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the height of Mount Everest?

    <p>29,029 feet</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who were the first two people known to have made it to the summit of Mount Everest?

    <p>Edmund Hillary and Tenzing Norgay</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the height of Mount Ararat in Turkey?

    <p>16,854 feet</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the deepest canyon in Europe?

    <p>Tara River Canyon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the longest river in Europe?

    <p>Blue Danube</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the Alps in the Roman Empire?

    <p>Creating a natural barrier</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the original name of France?

    <p>Gaul</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a part of the United Kingdom?

    <p>Republic of Ireland</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the name of the era that began after the fall of the Western Roman Empire and ended in 1453?

    <p>Dark Ages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who was crowned the next king of England after Edward the Confessor's death?

    <p>Harold Godwinson</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the main purpose of feudalism in medieval Europe?

    <p>To provide protection and order in exchange for loyalty and military service</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the name of the king who united the areas that are today France, Germany, Switzerland, the Netherlands, Belgium, and parts of Italy and Spain?

    <p>Charlemagne</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the central feature of feudalism during the Middle Ages?

    <p>The manorial system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary responsibility of the lord of the manor?

    <p>To protect the peasants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the purpose of knights participating in jousts?

    <p>To prepare for battle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the outcome of King Henry II's feud with Thomas Becket?

    <p>Thomas Becket was killed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the significance of the Magna Carta?

    <p>It provided protection for the English by limiting the king's power</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why did King Henry II marry Eleanor of Aquitaine?

    <p>To gain access to her French lands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the British Parliament?

    <p>To control the British government, including electing the Prime Minister</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the significance of the Hundred Years' War?

    <p>It introduced new technologies such as the longbow and the cannon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary cause of the Black Death pandemic?

    <p>The spread of infectious bacteria through infected rats and fleas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the outcome of the Seven Years' War?

    <p>The power and wealth of England increased significantly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary cause of the French and Indian War?

    <p>The British building forts in the Ohio River Valley</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who played a key role in the French and Indian War?

    <p>George Washington</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the result of the Battle of Castillon?

    <p>The Hundred Years' War was finally settled</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the significance of joint-stock companies in the Seven Years' War?

    <p>They played a powerful role in European economics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary reason for the French and Indian War?

    <p>The British building forts in the Ohio River Valley</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the outcome of the French and Indian War?

    <p>The power and wealth of England increased significantly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of GPS?

    <p>To calculate the location of objects by measuring radio signals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the map scale?

    <p>To show the relationship between distance on the map and distance in real life</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the 180-degree longitude?

    <p>It marks the point where one date ticks over to the next</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of GIS?

    <p>To integrate maps and other kinds of information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the connection between the International Date Line and time zones?

    <p>The International Date Line is connected to the idea of time zones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the Mercator projection in geography?

    <p>It is a type of map projection developed in 1570</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the height of Mount Everest?

    <p>29,029 feet</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who were the first two people known to have made it to the summit of Mount Everest?

    <p>Edmund Hillary and Tenzing Norgay</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the height of Mount Ararat in Turkey?

    <p>16,854 feet</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of fixed ropes in climbing Mount Everest?

    <p>To anchor into the mountain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is unique about the Alps according to the Roman Empire?

    <p>They protected Rome from invasion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of rivers like the Danube and Rhine in Western Europe?

    <p>To facilitate trade and transportation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of relief maps?

    <p>To illustrate the features of an area using colors and shades</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process that forms upwarped mountains?

    <p>Deep earth faults that move and warp the rock above them</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of fold mountains?

    <p>They are formed by the collision of two tectonic plates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the Himalayas in Asia?

    <p>They are the source of major rivers in Asia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of dome mountains?

    <p>Magma pushes overlying rock into a dome shape without breaking through to the surface</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of plateau mountains?

    <p>They are mountains with flat tops</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the mountainous region in Wales?

    <p>Cardiff Mountains</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the name of the writer who coined the term 'Dark Ages'?

    <p>Petrarch</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the significance of the Black Death during the Middle Ages?

    <p>It was a deadly disease that killed millions of people</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who was the king who united the areas that are today France, Germany, Switzerland, the Netherlands, Belgium, and parts of Italy and Spain?

    <p>Charlemagne</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary purpose of feudalism in medieval Europe?

    <p>To establish a system of governance and protection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the name of the waterway that separates England from France?

    <p>The English Channel</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary purpose of the lord of the manor in a feudal society?

    <p>To protect the peasants that lived on his manor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the significance of the Magna Carta in English history?

    <p>It established rights and freedoms that the king couldn't take away</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary role of knights in medieval society?

    <p>To participate in jousts and prepare for battle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the outcome of King Henry II's feud with Thomas Becket?

    <p>Thomas Becket was killed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the central feature of feudalism during the Middle Ages?

    <p>The manorial system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why did King Henry II marry Eleanor of Aquitaine?

    <p>To gain access to her French lands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the British Parliament?

    <p>To control the British government, including electing the Prime Minister</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the main cause of the Hundred Years' War?

    <p>Disagreement over the Aquitaine, a territory in France</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary cause of the Black Death pandemic?

    <p>Infectious bacteria spread among wild rats</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the outcome of the Seven Years' War?

    <p>France lost power and influence in Europe, and England gained power and wealth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary cause of the French and Indian War?

    <p>Disagreement over the control of the Ohio River Valley</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the significance of the Battle of Castillon?

    <p>It marked the end of the Hundred Years' War</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the role of joint-stock companies in the Seven Years' War?

    <p>They played a significant role in the war, as profitable partnerships between private businesses and European governments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the outcome of the French and Indian War?

    <p>The British gained control of the Ohio River Valley</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the significance of the Magna Carta?

    <p>It limited the power of the monarch and established the concept of rule of law</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who played a key role in the French and Indian War?

    <p>George Washington</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a major threat to blue whales?

    <p>Anthropogenic noise</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for the decline of great white sharks?

    <p>Human fear and greed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do snakes do to regulate their body temperature?

    <p>They move to different environments to warm up or cool down</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process of a horse growing and changing from birth to an older adult?

    <p>Life cycle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How long does it take for a lion cub to become a fully grown adult?

    <p>Less than 6 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first stage of a crocodile's life cycle?

    <p>Before birth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How long does a monkey's life cycle typically last?

    <p>Between 10 to 50 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of newborn hens?

    <p>They are covered in down</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of a mantle on a cheetah cub?

    <p>To help with camouflage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main reason why dolphins travel in pods?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary habitat of wild horses?

    <p>Plains, prairies, and steppes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are cheetahs endangered?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of African savannas?

    <p>Warm and wide open spaces</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main reason why blue whales are endangered?

    <p>Due to hunting and whaling in the past and today</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do dolphins need to survive?

    <p>Easy access to food and clean water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do horses prefer open, grassy areas?

    <p>Because they are herbivores and need to eat grass</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main threat to African savannas and its animals?

    <p>Habitat destruction and hunting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of cheetahs?

    <p>Their speed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason why wild horses need wide open spaces?

    <p>For defense purposes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What helps cheetah cubs learn to hunt?

    <p>Stalking and practicing on wounded animals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is unique about a cheetah's speed?

    <p>They can run at 60 miles per hour for short bursts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is unique about white tigers?

    <p>They are born without pheomelanin, a pigment that gives them an orange or golden color</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do horses need to maintain a balanced diet?

    <p>Grass, hay, concentrates, fruits, and vegetables</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do most crabs eat?

    <p>Whatever they can find, dead or alive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do hippos mainly eat?

    <p>Only short grasses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do some lizards eat?

    <p>Both plants and animals/insects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do some monkeys use to help catch and eat their food?

    <p>Tools</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is unique about jellyfish?

    <p>They are carnivorous and have unique features</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of a thorn bug's horn?

    <p>To blend into their environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Geography as a Science

    • Geography is both a natural and social science, studying both the physical aspects of the earth and social phenomena like cities and human populations.
    • It is an ancient science, with maps being used to represent the world for over 4,300 years.

    Map Skills

    • Map scale is the relationship between distance on the map and distance in real life.
    • The map scale can be found in the bottom corner of the map and can be used to calculate real-life distances.

    Time Zones and the International Date Line

    • The International Date Line is an imaginary line that marks the point on the globe where one date ticks over to the next.
    • It is located at a longitude of 180 degrees and is connected to the idea of time zones.
    • The Earth is divided into 360 degrees, with each time zone covering 15 degrees of the Earth's circumference.

    Types of Mountains

    • There are four types of mountains: upwarped, volcanic, fault-block, and folded.
    • Upwarped mountains form from deep earth faults that move and warp the rock above them into broad, gentle folds.
    • Volcanic mountains form from lava, ash, and rock that erupt on the surface to form volcanic cones.
    • Fault-block mountains form where the earth's crust is stretched and breaks into a series of basins and ranges.
    • Folded mountains form when two tectonic plates collide and thicken the earth's crust through folding and faulting.

    Mountain Ranges

    • The Himalayas are the home of Mount Everest, a mountain that is so high up that climbers need oxygen.
    • The Himalayas were formed by plate tectonics, where parts of the Earth slide and bump into each other.
    • The Atlas Mountains are a huge mountain range in northern Africa, made of sedimentary rock.
    • Mount Everest is the highest point in the world at 29,029 feet tall.
    • Denali is an Alaska Range mountain rising up to 20,310 feet, the largest in North America.

    Landforms

    • A landform is any natural feature of the earth's surface.
    • Examples of landforms include mountains, valleys, canyons, lakes, rivers, coasts, and bays.
    • The biggest mountain range in Europe is the Alps.
    • The tallest mountains in Europe are Mount Ararat in Turkey and Mont Blanc in the Alps.

    European Geography

    • Four main rivers make up Western Europe: the Danube, the Rhine, the Rhône, and the Oder.
    • The Alps and Pyrenees are mountain ranges in Western Europe.
    • The Alps are a mountain range extending from the coast of southern France toward Switzerland, Austria, and northern Italy.
    • The Pyrenees Mountains separate Spain from the rest of Europe.

    European History

    • France is a European nation that has experienced a long and sometimes violent history.
    • The British Isles are home to Scotland, Wales, Ireland, and England.
    • The Dark Ages began after the fall of the Western Roman Empire and ended in 1453 with the fall of the Eastern Roman Empire.
    • During the High Dark Ages, people lived in fiefs where peasants worked for lords in exchange for protection.
    • Feudalism was a system in place during the Middle Ages in Europe that existed instead of strong central governments.

    Medieval Europe

    • The manorial system was the central feature of feudalism.
    • The medieval manor was a large estate granted to a lord by the king.
    • Peasants were allowed to live on the manor in exchange for working the land reserved for the lord.
    • Knights participated in a training process and engaged in jousts to prepare for battle.
    • The Code of Chivalry was a strict set of rules that knights had to follow.

    Important Events

    • The Magna Carta established rights and freedoms in England that the king couldn't take away.
    • The Hundred Years' War began with a disagreement over the Aquitaine and ended in the region of Gascony.
    • The Black Death, or bubonic plague, was an infectious bacteria that spread among wild rats and eventually infected humans.
    • The Seven Years' War showed the powerful role that joint-stock companies played in European economics.
    • The French and Indian War was a conflict between the French and the British over lands in the Ohio River Valley.

    Geography and Cartography

    • Geography is both a natural and social science that studies the physical aspects of the earth and social phenomena like cities and human populations.
    • Cartography, or map-making, is an ancient science that has evolved over time, from clay tablets to modern GPS technology.
    • Maps depict natural features, such as mountains, and man-made artifacts, such as roads and borders.
    • GPS uses satellites to calculate the location of objects by measuring the frequency of radio signals.

    Map Scales and Projections

    • Map scale is the relationship between distance on the map and distance in real life.
    • Map scales can usually be found in the bottom corners of maps and can be used to measure real-life distances.
    • The Mercator projection is a common map projection developed in 1570 by Gerardus Mercator.

    International Date Line and Time Zones

    • The International Date Line is an imaginary line that marks the point where one date changes to the next.
    • It is connected to the concept of time zones, which divide the Earth into 360 degrees, each covering 15 degrees of longitude.
    • The International Date Line is located at a longitude of 180 degrees.

    Mountains and Landforms

    • Mountains are large masses of rock that sit high above the earth's surface.
    • There are four types of mountains: upwarped, volcanic, fault-block, and folded.
    • Fold mountains are formed when two tectonic plates collide and thicken the earth's crust through folding and faulting.

    Landforms and Features

    • Landforms are natural features of the earth's surface, including mountains, valleys, canyons, lakes, rivers, coasts, and bays.
    • The Alps are the largest mountain range in Europe.
    • Major rivers in Europe include the Danube, Rhine, Rhône, and Oder.

    European Geography

    • The European continent is divided into tectonic plates that float on magma and can collide, resulting in the formation of mountains.
    • The biggest mountain range in Europe is the Alps.
    • Europe's longest river is the Danube, with a total length of 1,780 miles.

    Historical Geography

    • The Dark Ages were a period of European history that began after the fall of the Western Roman Empire and ended in 1453 with the fall of the Eastern Roman Empire.
    • Feudalism was a system of governance in medieval Europe where people gave kings and lords money and worked in exchange for protection.
    • Charlemagne was a king who united the areas that are today France, Germany, Switzerland, the Netherlands, Belgium, and parts of Italy and Spain.

    Medieval Society

    • The manorial system was the central feature of feudalism, where lords ruled lands under the king and citizens paid to live on the manor.
    • Knights participated in a training process and engaged in jousts to prepare for battle.
    • The Code of Chivalry was a strict set of rules that knights had to follow.

    English History

    • King Henry II became the English monarch in 1154 and improved the English judicial system.
    • The Magna Carta established rights and freedoms in England that the king couldn't take away.
    • The British Parliament has roots over 1,000 years old and began as a simple meeting of advisers.

    Wars and Conflicts

    • The Hundred Years' War began with a disagreement over the Aquitaine and ended with the Battle of Castillon.
    • The Black Death, or bubonic plague, was a pandemic that spread across Europe during the Middle Ages.
    • The Seven Years' War showed the powerful role that joint-stock companies played in European economics.

    Dolphins

    • Dolphins live in moderate to warm ocean and sea waters worldwide.
    • There are two types of dolphins: coastal dolphins that live closer to beaches and offshore dolphins that live far out in deep ocean waters.
    • Dolphins need easy access to food, clean water, and travel in pods to find food and avoid predators.

    Horses

    • Domesticated horses can live in almost any habitat, while wild horses prefer plains, prairies, and steppes.
    • Horses need wide open spaces for defense, shelter, and access to abundant fresh water.
    • They prefer open, grassy areas as they are herbivores and consume large amounts of grass.

    Cheetahs

    • Cheetahs are the fastest land animals and were once found in much of Africa and Asia.
    • They are now endangered due to habitat loss, lack of prey, and vulnerability to humans, hunters, and poachers.
    • Cheetahs are threatened by habitat destruction, hunting, and human activities.

    African Savannas

    • African savannas are warm, wide open spaces covered with different types of grasses.
    • Many large animals live in savannas, including herbivores like giraffes, zebras, and elephants, and carnivores like lions, hyenas, and leopards.
    • Habitat destruction and hunting have endangered the African savannas and their animals.

    Blue Whales

    • Blue whales are endangered due to human activities in the past and present.
    • Hunting and killing whales, called whaling, killed hundreds of thousands of blue whales from the early 1900s until it became illegal in 1966.
    • Blue whales continue to be threatened by boats, anthropogenic noise, pollution, climate change, and fishing.

    Great White Sharks

    • Human fear and greed have caused the great white shark to become endangered.
    • Pollution, illegal fishing, and by-catching have killed great white sharks.
    • Their protected status and the banning of shark fin soup are helping their numbers increase.

    Snakes

    • Snakes can be found globally, especially in warm tropical climates.
    • They can be found in various habitats, including forests, deserts, and water, depending on the species.
    • Snakes need to move around their habitat to warm up or cool down.

    Horse Life Cycle

    • The life cycle of a horse is the process of growing and changing from birth to an older adult horse.
    • A baby horse is called a foal, and at one year old, a horse becomes a yearling.
    • At two years old, a boy horse becomes a colt, and a girl horse becomes a filly.
    • At four years old, a horse becomes an adult, and they usually live to be about 25 years old.

    Lion Life Cycle

    • Lion babies, or cubs, start their lives by being born into the world.
    • They learn to walk, join the pride, become sexually mature, and become a fully grown adult lion all under the age of six years old.

    Life Cycles

    • All life cycles have a beginning and an end.
    • Every species has a life cycle that consists of three stages.
    • The three stages of a crocodile's life cycle are: before birth, young, and adult.

    Monkey Life Cycle

    • The life cycle of a monkey begins in its mother's womb during the gestation period.
    • It then goes through two more stages: babyhood and adulthood.
    • The life cycle of a monkey moves much faster than a human's and can last from 10 to 50 years, depending on the type of monkey.

    Chicken Life Cycle

    • When hens hatch from eggs, they are covered in down for a few weeks until their feathers fully grow.
    • Hens are called pullets until they can lay their own eggs.
    • They lay eggs less than 24 hours after they breed with roosters, and they can live anywhere from 2 to 25 years or more, depending on where they live.

    Cheetah Cub Life Cycle

    • Cheetah cubs are small and helpless when they're born.
    • They have a silvery strip of fur down their back called a mantle that helps camouflage them.
    • Cheetah cubs learn to hunt through playing with each other and practicing killing wounded animals.

    Cheetah Characteristics

    • Cheetahs are the fastest land mammals on Earth.
    • They can reach speeds of 60 miles per hour in just three seconds and run 20 to 25 feet in only one stride.
    • However, the cheetah only has this burst of speed for about 30 seconds, then it completely tires out.

    Snow Tigers

    • Snow tigers are not a species of tiger but are actually white Bengal tigers born without pheomelanin.
    • They have snow-colored fur and dark stripes, and there are very few living today, all found in captivity.

    Horse Diet

    • Horses need to maintain a balanced diet to be healthy and have energy.
    • They eat grass and hay at meal time, and if they do a lot of work, they might eat concentrates.
    • They also eat fruits and vegetables at snack time, but also like sugar and salt, and drink lots of water.

    Crabs

    • There are over 4,000 different kinds of crabs, all with slightly different diets depending on their environment.
    • Most crabs are scavengers, eating whatever they can find and catch, whether it's dead or alive.
    • Crabs can be carnivores, omnivores, or herbivores.

    Hippopotamus

    • Hippopotamuses are large African animals that spend most of their time submerged in water.
    • They are herbivores that eat mainly short grasses and can graze for up to six hours each night.
    • As a result of their feeding patterns, they can leave behind trails that change their environment.

    Lizards

    • There are thousands of different kinds of lizards in the world.
    • The type of lizard and where it lives determines what it will eat.
    • Lizards can be herbivores, carnivores, omnivores, or insectivores.

    Monkeys

    • There are over 260 different types of monkeys alive today.
    • Almost all monkeys are omnivores who eat both plants and meat.
    • Some monkeys, like the howler monkey, are folivores who eat mostly leaves, and some, like the owl monkey, are frugivores who eat mostly fruit.

    Jellyfish

    • Jellyfish are slimy and translucent sea creatures that have been drifting through Earth's oceans for millions of years.
    • They are carnivorous, have unique features, including tentacles and oral arms, and have no backbones.
    • Jellyfish can be found in large groups called blooms.

    Thorn Bugs

    • Thorn bugs come in different colors and sizes, but all have a spiky, thorn-shaped horn on their backs.
    • This horn is useful as camouflage, blending into their environment, as they look like the plants they live on.
    • Thorn bugs eat plant and tree sap, and are mostly harmless, but can cause damage to fruit trees.

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    Learn about Charlemagne's significance in European history and his role in the development of feudalism, a system where lords ruled lands under the king. Discover the manorial system, the central feature of feudalism.

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