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حاملات الشحنة في أنبوب التفريغ عند ضغوط منخفضة جدًا هي
الإلكترونات والأيونات الموجبة
يتغير ثابت ريدبيرج مع ______ للعنصر
الإجابة: (العدد الكتلي
الفوتونات لا تمتلك _______:
كتلة ساكنة.
تقع الخطوط المختلفة في سلسلة لايمان ضمن الطول الموجي بين:
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إذا لم يُسمح بالعناصر ذات العدد الكمي الأساسي n > 4 في الطبيعة، فكم سيكون عدد العناصر الممكنة؟
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1 إلكترون فولت =
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ثابت ريدبيرج R في صيغة الهيدروجين =
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كتلة الإلكترون =
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الشحنة على البروتون هي
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ذرة الكلور تحتوي على ____بروتونًا و——— نيوترونًا
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ذرة البوتاسيوم تحتوي على___ بروتونًا و——-نيوترونًا
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الفوتون هو كم من الطاقة يساوي
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أي من الانتقالات التالية في ذرة الهيدروجين ينبعث منها فوتون بأقل تردد:•
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الخطوط المختلفة في سلسلة ليمان تقع أطوال موجاتها بين
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أقصر طول موجي في سلسلة ليمان هو 911.6 Å. إذن أطول طول موجي في سلسلة ليمان هو
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العدد الكتلي للذرة يساوي: •
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القوة التي تحافظ على تماسك البروتونات والنيوترونات في النواة هي
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طاقة الإلكترون في مدار بنصف قطر r من الذرة والعدد الذري Z تتناسب مع
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الزخم الزاوي للإلكترون الذي يدور حول النواة في المدار n هو
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الحد الأقصى لعدد الإلكترونات في غلاف له عدد كمي رئيسي n هو
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لعدد كمي l = 2 ، يمكن أن يأخذ العدد الكمي المغناطيسي m_l القيم التالية
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إذا كان هناك ستة إلكترونات في المدار d لعنصر انتقالي، فإن عدد الإلكترونات غير المزدوجة هو
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ترتيب زيادة طاقة المدارات في الصف السادس من الجدول الدوري هو
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التكوين الإلكتروني الخارجي للنيكل، والذي يقع إلى يسار النحاس (3d^{10} 4s^1)، هو
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إذا حدث انتقال للإلكترون عبر فجوة الطاقة في GaAs بمقدار 1.43 إلكترون فولت، فإن طول موجة الإشعاع الممتص أو المنبعث هو
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كتلة الإلكترون أكبر من كتلة البروتون:
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العدد الذري للعنصر يساوي عدد البروتونات في النواة:
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الكتلة الذرية للعنصر هي مجموع عدد البروتونات والنيوترونات في النواة
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جميع الذرات التي لها أوزان ذرية مختلفة ولكن تنتمي إلى نفس العنصر تسمى النظائر:
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نظائر العنصر لها نفس العدد الذري:
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العدد الكتلي للعنصر يساوي عدد الإلكترونات غير المقترنة
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عناصر الانتقال لها نقاط انصهار عالية وكثافات عالية مقارنة بالمعادن الخفيفة:
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العناصر التي تشغل الصف السابع من الجدول الدوري ولكنها لا توجد في الطبيعة وتُحضَّر اصطناعياً تُسمى الأكتينيدات
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إذا حدث انتقال إلكتروني عبر فجوة الطاقة في Ga As بمقدار 1.43 eV، فكم ستكون طول موجة الإشعاع الممتص أو المنبعث؟ (ثابت بلانك h = 6.626 \times 10^{-34} J.s، وسرعة الضوء c = 3 \times 10^8 m/s
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عدد الإلكترونات في تحت القشرة d من القشرة M هو
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- أربعة أعداد كمومية n, l, m_l, m_s لأربع حالات طاقة من تحت القشرة p من القشرة M هي كالتالي. أي توليفة خاطئةلب
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اذكر الفرضيات الأساسية لنظرية بور واشرح طيف الهيدروجين.
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نموذج الذرة النووي لرذرفورد (Rutherford’s Nuclear Atom Mode
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طيف الهيدروجين (The Spectrum of Hydroge
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. فرضيات بور (Bohr’s Postulates)
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نموذج سومرفيلد-ويلسون الذري (Sommerfeld-Wilson Atomic Model)
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- مبدأ استبعاد باولي (Pauli’s Exclusio
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نموذج الذرة المتجه (Vector Atom
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رفض نموذج طومسون للذرة (Non-acceptance of Thomson’s Model of an Atom)
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سؤال 4: هل اقترح بور تكمية الطاقة؟ وما هي فرضياته
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Study Notes
Charge Carriers in Discharge Tube at Very Low Pressures
- Electrons are the charge carriers in a discharge tube at very low pressures.
Dependence of Rydberg Constant on Atomic Number
- The Rydberg constant changes with the atomic number of the element.
Properties of Photons
- Photons do not have mass or charge.
Lyman Series Wavelength Range
- The different lines in the Lyman series lie within the wavelength range of 91.16 nm to 121,5 nm.
Number of Elements with Maximum Principal Quantum Number 4
- If elements with a principal quantum number n greater than 4 were not allowed in nature, the maximum number of possible elements would be 36.
Energy Conversion
- 1 electron volt (eV) equals 1.602 × 10^-19 Joules (J).
Constants
- The Rydberg constant (R) in the hydrogen formula is 1.097 × 10^7 m^-1.
- The mass of an electron is approximately 9.109 × 10^-31 kg.
- The charge on a proton is +1.602 × 10^-19 Coulombs (C).
Atomic Composition of Chlorine
- A chlorine atom contains 17 protons and 18 neutrons.
Atomic Composition of Potassium
- A potassium atom contains 19 protons and 20 neutrons.
Photon Energy
- A photon is a quantum of energy. Its energy is proportional to its frequency (E = hν).
Energy Transition with Lowest Frequency
- For a hydrogen atom, the transition from n=4 to n=3 emits a photon with the lowest frequency.
Lyman Series Wavelength Characteristics
- The different lines in the Lyman series lie within a wavelength range of 91.16 nm to 121.5 nm.
Longest Wavelength in Lyman Series
- The longest wavelength in the Lyman series is 121.5 nm.
Atomic Mass Number
- The mass number of an atom is equal to the sum of the number of protons and neutrons in its nucleus.
Nuclear Force
- The strong nuclear force holds protons and neutrons together in the nucleus.
Electron Energy Dependence
- The energy of an electron in an orbit of radius r from the atom with atomic number Z is proportional to Z^2/r.
Angular Momentum
- The angular momentum of an electron revolving around the nucleus in the nth orbit is nh/2π.
Maximum Number of Electrons in a Shell
- The maximum number of electrons in a shell with principal quantum number n is 2n^2.
Magnetic Quantum Number Values
- For an angular momentum quantum number l = 2, the magnetic quantum number m_l can take the values -2, -1, 0, 1, 2.
Unpaired Electrons in d Orbital
- If there are six electrons in the d orbital of a transition element, there will be four unpaired electrons.
Energy Order of Orbitals in Sixth Row
- The order of increasing energy of orbitals in the sixth row of the periodic table is 6s, 4f, 5d, 6p.
Electronic Configuration of Nickel
- The outer electronic configuration of Nickel, which lies to the left of Copper (3d^10 4s^1), is 3d^8 4s^2.
Wavelength of Absorbed/Emitted Radiation in GaAs
- If an electron transition occurs across an energy gap of 1.43 eV in GaAs, the wavelength of the absorbed or emitted radiation is approximately 870 nm.
Electron and Proton Mass Comparison
- The mass of an electron is smaller than the mass of a proton.
Atomic Number and Protons
- The atomic number of an element is equal to the number of protons in its nucleus.
Atomic Mass and Nucleus Composition
- The atomic mass of an element is the sum of the number of protons and neutrons in its nucleus.
Isotopes
- Isotopes are atoms that have the same atomic number but different atomic mass.
Isotopes and Atomic Number
- Isotopes of an element have the same atomic number.
Atomic Mass Number and Unpaired Electrons
- The atomic mass number of an element does not equal the number of unpaired electrons.
Transition Metals Characteristics
- Transition metals often have high melting points and high densities compared to light metals.
Actinides
- Actinides are elements that occupy the seventh row of the periodic table but are not found naturally and are produced synthetically.
Wavelength of Absorbed/Emitted Radiation in GaAs (Calculation)
- Using Planck's constant (h= 6.626 x 10^-34 J.s) and the speed of light (c = 3 x 10^8 m/s), the wavelength of absorbed or emitted radiation in GaAs for an energy gap of 1.43 eV is approximately 870 nm.
Electrons in M-Shell d Subshell
- The number of electrons in the d subshell of the M shell is 10.
Quantum Number Combinations for p Subshell
- The correct combinations of quantum numbers n, l, m_l, and m_s for the four energy states of the p subshell of the M shell are:
- n=3, l=1, m_l=0, m_s=+1/2
- n=3, l=1, m_l=+1, m_s=+1/2
- n=3, l=1, m_l=-1, m_s=+1/2
- n=3, l=1, m_l=0, m_s=-1/2
Bohr's Atomic Model
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Bohr's Postulates:
- Electrons revolve around the nucleus in specific circular orbits of quantized energy levels.
- Electrons can only exist in these permitted energy levels, not in between them.
- An electron can jump from a higher energy level to a lower one by emitting a photon with energy equal to the difference between the two energy levels.
- The angular momentum of an electron in a stationary orbit is quantized.
Explanation of Hydrogen Spectrum
- Bohr's atomic model accurately explained the observed line spectrum of hydrogen.
- The model predicted that the energy of the emitted photons, and therefore the wavelengths of the lines, would correspond to the differences in energy levels between the orbits.
Rutherford’s Nuclear Atom Model
- Rutherford proposed that most of the mass of an atom is concentrated in a small, dense positively charged nucleus with electrons orbiting around it.
- This concept was crucial for Bohr's model development.
Sommerfeld-Wilson Atomic Model
- An elaboration over Bohr's model, it introduced elliptical orbits for electrons in addition to circular orbits.
- It also accounted for the fine structure of spectral lines in the hydrogen spectrum.
Pauli's Exclusion Principle
- No two electrons in an atom can have the same set of four quantum numbers.
- In essence, it explains that each electronic orbital (defined by n, l, and m_l) can accommodate a maximum of two electrons, with opposite spins (m_s).
Vector Atom Model
- It builds on the Bohr-Sommerfeld model by adding the vector nature of electron angular momentum.
- This approach is crucial for understanding the Zeeman effect and complex spectra of multi-electron atoms.
Non-acceptance of Thomson’s Model of an Atom
- Thomson's model of the atom (plum pudding model), where electrons were embedded in a positively charged sphere, failed to explain the scattering of alpha particles by thin gold foils as observed by Rutherford.
Bohr and Energy Quantization
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Yes, Bohr proposed the quantization of energy. In his model, electrons can only exist in specific energy levels, and transitions between these levels involve the absorption or emission of photons with energies corresponding to the energy differences.
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Bohr's main postulates:
- Electrons revolve around the nucleus in specific circular orbits of quantized energy levels.
- Electrons can only exist in these permitted energy levels, not in between them.
- An electron can jump from a higher energy level to a lower one by emitting a photon with energy equal to the difference between the two energy levels.
- The angular momentum of an electron in a stationary orbit is quantized (mvr = nh/2π).
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Bohr's main postulates:
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Description
This quiz explores the behavior of charged carriers in vacuum tubes under extremely low pressures. It focuses on the principles and applications of these carriers in various fields of physics and electronics. Challenge your understanding and deepen your knowledge of this fascinating topic.
