Characteristics of Plant Kingdom

Study Notes

Based on characteristics such as morphology, anatomy, and reproductive structures
Divided into two main groups:
1. Bryophytes: Non-vascular plants, lack true stems, leaves, and roots
  - Examples: mosses, liverworts
2. Tracheophytes: Vascular plants, have true stems, leaves, and roots
  - Divided into two subgroups:
    - Monocots: One cotyledon in the seed, fibrous roots, and leaves with parallel veins
      - Examples: grasses, lilies, orchids
    - Dicots: Two cotyledons in the seed, taproot, and leaves with net-like veins
      - Examples: trees, shrubs, flowers

Roots: Absorb water and nutrients from the soil
- Types: taproot, fibrous roots, adventitious roots
Stems: Support the plant and transport materials
- Types: herbaceous, woody, succulent
Leaves: Carry out photosynthesis
- Types: simple, compound, needle-like, scale-like

Asexual Reproduction: Producing offspring without gametes
- Methods: fragmentation, budding, vegetative propagation
Sexual Reproduction: Producing offspring through gametes
- Methods: flowers, cones, spores

Origin of Plants: From green algae, approximately 470 million years ago
Major Evolutionary Innovations: Development of vascular tissues, seeds, and flowers
Adaptations to Environment: Development of different structures and strategies to cope with various environments

Eukaryotic, multicellular organisms that produce their own food through photosynthesis
Cell walls are made of cellulose and contain chloroplasts with the pigment chlorophyll

Classified based on morphology, anatomy, and reproductive structures
Divided into two main groups: Bryophytes and Tracheophytes
Bryophytes: non-vascular plants lacking true stems, leaves, and roots, e.g., mosses, liverworts
Tracheophytes: vascular plants with true stems, leaves, and roots, divided into Monocots and Dicots
Monocots: one cotyledon in the seed, fibrous roots, and leaves with parallel veins, e.g., grasses, lilies, orchids
Dicots: two cotyledons in the seed, taproot, and leaves with net-like veins, e.g., trees, shrubs, flowers

Roots: absorb water and nutrients from the soil, types include taproot, fibrous roots, and adventitious roots
Stems: support the plant and transport materials, types include herbaceous, woody, and succulent
Leaves: carry out photosynthesis, types include simple, compound, needle-like, and scale-like

Asexual reproduction: producing offspring without gametes through fragmentation, budding, and vegetative propagation
Sexual reproduction: producing offspring through gametes via flowers, cones, and spores

Originated from green algae approximately 470 million years ago
Major evolutionary innovations: development of vascular tissues, seeds, and flowers
Adaptations to environment: development of different structures and strategies to cope with various environments