Characteristics of Plant Kingdom

Characteristics of Plant Kingdom

• Eukaryotic, multicellular organisms
• Autotrophic, meaning they produce their own food through photosynthesis
• Cell walls are made of cellulose
• Have chloroplasts, which contain the pigment chlorophyll

Classification of Plants

• Based on characteristics such as morphology, anatomy, and reproductive structures
• Divided into two main groups:
  1. Bryophytes: Non-vascular plants, lack true stems, leaves, and roots
     • Examples: mosses, liverworts
  2. Tracheophytes: Vascular plants, have true stems, leaves, and roots
     • Divided into two subgroups:
       • Monocots: One cotyledon in the seed, fibrous roots, and leaves with parallel veins
         • Examples: grasses, lilies, orchids
       • Dicots: Two cotyledons in the seed, taproot, and leaves with net-like veins
         • Examples: trees, shrubs, flowers

Plant Morphology

• Roots: Absorb water and nutrients from the soil
  • Types: taproot, fibrous roots, adventitious roots
• Stems: Support the plant and transport materials
  • Types: herbaceous, woody, succulent
• Leaves: Carry out photosynthesis
  • Types: simple, compound, needle-like, scale-like

Plant Reproduction

• Asexual Reproduction: Producing offspring without gametes
  • Methods: fragmentation, budding, vegetative propagation
• Sexual Reproduction: Producing offspring through gametes
  • Methods: flowers, cones, spores

Plant Evolution

• Origin of Plants: From green algae, approximately 470 million years ago
• Major Evolutionary Innovations: Development of vascular tissues, seeds, and flowers
• Adaptations to Environment: Development of different structures and strategies to cope with various environments

Characteristics of Plant Kingdom

• Eukaryotic, multicellular organisms that produce their own food through photosynthesis
• Cell walls are made of cellulose and contain chloroplasts with the pigment chlorophyll

Classification of Plants

• Classified based on morphology, anatomy, and reproductive structures
• Divided into two main groups: Bryophytes and Tracheophytes
• Bryophytes: non-vascular plants lacking true stems, leaves, and roots, e.g., mosses, liverworts
• Tracheophytes: vascular plants with true stems, leaves, and roots, divided into Monocots and Dicots
• Monocots: one cotyledon in the seed, fibrous roots, and leaves with parallel veins, e.g., grasses, lilies, orchids
• Dicots: two cotyledons in the seed, taproot, and leaves with net-like veins, e.g., trees, shrubs, flowers

Plant Morphology

• Roots: absorb water and nutrients from the soil, types include taproot, fibrous roots, and adventitious roots
• Stems: support the plant and transport materials, types include herbaceous, woody, and succulent
• Leaves: carry out photosynthesis, types include simple, compound, needle-like, and scale-like

Plant Reproduction

• Asexual reproduction: producing offspring without gametes through fragmentation, budding, and vegetative propagation
• Sexual reproduction: producing offspring through gametes via flowers, cones, and spores

Plant Evolution

• Originated from green algae approximately 470 million years ago
• Major evolutionary innovations: development of vascular tissues, seeds, and flowers
• Adaptations to environment: development of different structures and strategies to cope with various environments