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Questions and Answers
Which group of animals is characterized by having a completely four-chambered heart?
Which group of animals is characterized by having a completely four-chambered heart?
Which mammal is an exception to the viviparous mode of reproduction within its class?
Which mammal is an exception to the viviparous mode of reproduction within its class?
What is the purpose of air sacs being connected to the lungs in certain animals?
What is the purpose of air sacs being connected to the lungs in certain animals?
Which feature distinguishes mammals from other classes of animals mentioned?
Which feature distinguishes mammals from other classes of animals mentioned?
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What distinguishes the root system of a plant from its shoot system?
What distinguishes the root system of a plant from its shoot system?
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Why is it significant that the root is the underground part of a plant?
Why is it significant that the root is the underground part of a plant?
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What is the main component of the cell membrane?
What is the main component of the cell membrane?
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Which type of proteins are partially or totally buried in the cell membrane?
Which type of proteins are partially or totally buried in the cell membrane?
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Who proposed the 'Fluid mosaic model' for the cell membrane in 1972?
Who proposed the 'Fluid mosaic model' for the cell membrane in 1972?
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What is the approximate protein content in the erythrocyte membrane of human beings?
What is the approximate protein content in the erythrocyte membrane of human beings?
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Which organelle is responsible for producing ATP in eukaryotic cells?
Which organelle is responsible for producing ATP in eukaryotic cells?
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Which structure provides support and maintains cell shape in both plant and animal cells?
Which structure provides support and maintains cell shape in both plant and animal cells?
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Which type of reproduction involves fusion of vegetative or somatic cells to form basidium?
Which type of reproduction involves fusion of vegetative or somatic cells to form basidium?
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What is the term used for fungi for which the sexual form (perfect stage) is not known?
What is the term used for fungi for which the sexual form (perfect stage) is not known?
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Which group of organisms is characterized by having chlorophyll-containing eukaryotic cells with cell walls made mainly of cellulose?
Which group of organisms is characterized by having chlorophyll-containing eukaryotic cells with cell walls made mainly of cellulose?
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Which group of organisms may include insectivorous plants like Bladderwort and Venus fly trap?
Which group of organisms may include insectivorous plants like Bladderwort and Venus fly trap?
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What is the main difference between the life cycle of plants and animals?
What is the main difference between the life cycle of plants and animals?
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Which group of organisms is characterized by being multicellular and lacking cell walls in their cells?
Which group of organisms is characterized by being multicellular and lacking cell walls in their cells?
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Which class of organisms has skin with cycloid/ctenoid scales?
Which class of organisms has skin with cycloid/ctenoid scales?
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Which super class includes organisms that can live in aquatic as well as terrestrial habitats?
Which super class includes organisms that can live in aquatic as well as terrestrial habitats?
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In which class of organisms is the heart three-chambered, except for crocodiles which have a four-chambered heart?
In which class of organisms is the heart three-chambered, except for crocodiles which have a four-chambered heart?
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Which class of organisms has tympanum representing the ear and limbs when present are two pairs?
Which class of organisms has tympanum representing the ear and limbs when present are two pairs?
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Which class of organisms is characterized by the presence of feathers and beak?
Which class of organisms is characterized by the presence of feathers and beak?
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In which super class is fertilization external and they have an air bladder to regulate buoyancy?
In which super class is fertilization external and they have an air bladder to regulate buoyancy?
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What is obtained after grinding a living tissue in trichloroacetic acid and straining the slurry through a cheesecloth?
What is obtained after grinding a living tissue in trichloroacetic acid and straining the slurry through a cheesecloth?
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What do we call all the carbon compounds derived from living tissues?
What do we call all the carbon compounds derived from living tissues?
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What type of functional groups can be identified in the organic constituents of a living tissue?
What type of functional groups can be identified in the organic constituents of a living tissue?
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Why are amino acids known as α-amino acids?
Why are amino acids known as α-amino acids?
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What is the unique property of amino acids mentioned in the text?
What is the unique property of amino acids mentioned in the text?
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What characterizes zwitter ions according to the text?
What characterizes zwitter ions according to the text?
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Study Notes
Biology Study Notes
Fungi
- Vegetative reproduction by fragmentation in Agaricus
- Sexual reproduction by fusion of vegetative or somatic cells to form basidium produced in basidiocarp in Agaricus
- Basidium produces four basidiospores exogenously after meiosis in Agaricus
- Examples of fungi include Agaricus, Ustilago
- Deuteromycetes are also called 'Imperfect Fungi' as sexual form (perfect stage) is not known for them
- Mycelium is septate and branched in Deuteromycetes
- Deuteromycetes may be saprophytic, parasitic or decomposers
- Examples of Deuteromycetes include Alternaria, Colletotrichum, Trichoderma
Kingdom Plantae
- Characterised by eukaryotic, chlorophyll-containing organisms commonly called plants
- Plants may be insectivorous (Bladderwort, Venus fly trap) or parasites (Cuscuta)
- Plant cells have eukaryotic structure with prominent chloroplasts and cell wall mainly made of cellulose
- Plantae includes algae, bryophytes, pteridophytes, gymnosperms, and angiosperms
- Life cycle of plants has two distinct phases – diploid sporophytic and haploid gametophytic – that alternate with each other
Kingdom Animalia
- Characterised by heterotrophic, eukaryotic organisms that are multicellular and lack cell walls
- Skin has cycloid/ctenoid scales
- Usually oviparous, with fertilisation external
- Air bladder regulates buoyancy
- Includes Hippocampus, Labeo, Catla, Betta
Classes of Kingdom Animalia
Amphibia
- Can live in aquatic as well as terrestrial habitats
- Body divisible into head and trunk
- Skin is moist without scales
- Tympanum represents ear
- Cloaca is the common chamber where alimentary, urinary, and reproductive tracts open
- Respiration takes place by gills, lungs, or skin
- Heart is three-chambered
- Oviparous with indirect development
- Includes Bufo, Rana, Hyla, Salamandra, Ichthyophis (Limbless amphibia)
Reptilia
- Creep or crawl to perform locomotion
- Body has dry and cornified skin and epidermal scales or scutes
- Tympanum represents ear
- Limbs when present are two pairs
- Snakes and lizards shed scales as skin cast
- Heart is three-chambered but four-chambered in crocodiles
- Oviparous with direct development
- Includes Testudo, Naja, Vipera, Calotes
Aves
- Characterised by the presence of feathers and beak
- Forelimbs are modified into wings
- Hind limbs have scales and are modified for various activities
- No glands on skin except oil gland at base of tail
- Endoskeleton bony with air cavities (pneumatic) and hollow bones to assist in flight
- Heart is completely four-chambered
- Warm-blooded (homoiothermous) animals
- Air sacs are connected to lungs to supplement respiration
- Oviparous with direct development
- Includes Columba (Pigeon), Struthio (Ostrich), Neophron, Pisttacula, Pavo (Peacock)
Mammalia
- Characterised by mammary glands to nourish young ones
- Two pairs of limbs
- Skin has hairs
- External ears or pinna is present
- Different types of teeth are present in the jaw
- Viviparous with direct development, but Ornithorhynchus (Platypus) is an oviparous mammal
- Includes Rattus, Canis, Elephas, Equus, Pteropus, Macropus, Balaenoptera
Morphology of Flowering Plants
Root, Stem, and Leaf
- Morphology: study of external features of an organism
- Adaptation: alteration in structure or function of an organism or any of its part that results from natural selection and by which the organism becomes better fitted to survive and multiply in its environment
- The root is the underground part of the plant and develops from elongation of the radicle of the embryo
Eukaryotic Cells
- Possess an organized nucleus with nuclear envelope and has a variety of complex locomotory and cytoskeletal structures
- Cell membrane is composed of lipids that are arranged in a bilayer
- The ratio of protein and lipid varies considerably in different cell types
- Integral proteins are partially or totally buried in the membrane
- Peripheral proteins lie on the surface of the membrane
- Singer and Nicolson (1972) gave the 'Fluid mosaic model'
Biomolecules
- Biomolecules are carbon compounds derived from living tissues
- Elemental composition of living tissues is determined through elemental analysis
- Analysis of organic constituents in a living tissue identifies functional groups such as aldehydes, ketones, and aromatic compounds
- Amino acids have an amino group and a carboxylic group on the same alpha carbon atom
- The four substituent groups of amino acids are hydrogen, the carboxyl group, amino group, and a variable R group
- Amino acids have ionizable NH2 and COOH groups that form zwitter ions
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Description
Test your knowledge on the characteristics of birds and mammals, including their skeletal features, respiratory system, and reproduction. Identify key traits such as endoskeleton with air cavities, four-chambered heart, warm-blooded nature, and oviparous reproduction. Explore specific examples like Pigeon, Ostrich, Peacock, and learn about mammary glands in mammals.
