30 Questions
Which group of animals is characterized by having a completely four-chambered heart?
Columba (Pigeon) and Neophron
Which mammal is an exception to the viviparous mode of reproduction within its class?
Ornithorhynchus (Platypus)
What is the purpose of air sacs being connected to the lungs in certain animals?
To supplement respiration
Which feature distinguishes mammals from other classes of animals mentioned?
Possessing mammary glands
What distinguishes the root system of a plant from its shoot system?
Presence of hairs in the root system
Why is it significant that the root is the underground part of a plant?
To provide anchorage and absorb nutrients
What is the main component of the cell membrane?
Lipids
Which type of proteins are partially or totally buried in the cell membrane?
Integral proteins
Who proposed the 'Fluid mosaic model' for the cell membrane in 1972?
Singer and Nicolson
What is the approximate protein content in the erythrocyte membrane of human beings?
52%
Which organelle is responsible for producing ATP in eukaryotic cells?
Mitochondria
Which structure provides support and maintains cell shape in both plant and animal cells?
Cytoskeleton
Which type of reproduction involves fusion of vegetative or somatic cells to form basidium?
Sexual reproduction
What is the term used for fungi for which the sexual form (perfect stage) is not known?
Deuteromycetes
Which group of organisms is characterized by having chlorophyll-containing eukaryotic cells with cell walls made mainly of cellulose?
Plants
Which group of organisms may include insectivorous plants like Bladderwort and Venus fly trap?
Angiosperms
What is the main difference between the life cycle of plants and animals?
Plants have a haploid sporophytic phase, while animals have a diploid gametophytic phase.
Which group of organisms is characterized by being multicellular and lacking cell walls in their cells?
Animals
Which class of organisms has skin with cycloid/ctenoid scales?
Class Osteichthyes
Which super class includes organisms that can live in aquatic as well as terrestrial habitats?
Tetrapoda
In which class of organisms is the heart three-chambered, except for crocodiles which have a four-chambered heart?
Class Reptilia
Which class of organisms has tympanum representing the ear and limbs when present are two pairs?
Class Reptilia
Which class of organisms is characterized by the presence of feathers and beak?
Class Aves
In which super class is fertilization external and they have an air bladder to regulate buoyancy?
Osteichthyes
What is obtained after grinding a living tissue in trichloroacetic acid and straining the slurry through a cheesecloth?
Filtrate and retentate
What do we call all the carbon compounds derived from living tissues?
Biomolecules
What type of functional groups can be identified in the organic constituents of a living tissue?
Aldehydes, ketones, and aromatic compounds
Why are amino acids known as α-amino acids?
Due to the presence of amino and carboxylic groups on the same alpha carbon atom
What is the unique property of amino acids mentioned in the text?
Ionizable nature of NH2 and COOH groups
What characterizes zwitter ions according to the text?
Presence of both positive and negative charges
Study Notes
Biology Study Notes
Fungi
- Vegetative reproduction by fragmentation in Agaricus
- Sexual reproduction by fusion of vegetative or somatic cells to form basidium produced in basidiocarp in Agaricus
- Basidium produces four basidiospores exogenously after meiosis in Agaricus
- Examples of fungi include Agaricus, Ustilago
- Deuteromycetes are also called 'Imperfect Fungi' as sexual form (perfect stage) is not known for them
- Mycelium is septate and branched in Deuteromycetes
- Deuteromycetes may be saprophytic, parasitic or decomposers
- Examples of Deuteromycetes include Alternaria, Colletotrichum, Trichoderma
Kingdom Plantae
- Characterised by eukaryotic, chlorophyll-containing organisms commonly called plants
- Plants may be insectivorous (Bladderwort, Venus fly trap) or parasites (Cuscuta)
- Plant cells have eukaryotic structure with prominent chloroplasts and cell wall mainly made of cellulose
- Plantae includes algae, bryophytes, pteridophytes, gymnosperms, and angiosperms
- Life cycle of plants has two distinct phases – diploid sporophytic and haploid gametophytic – that alternate with each other
Kingdom Animalia
- Characterised by heterotrophic, eukaryotic organisms that are multicellular and lack cell walls
- Skin has cycloid/ctenoid scales
- Usually oviparous, with fertilisation external
- Air bladder regulates buoyancy
- Includes Hippocampus, Labeo, Catla, Betta
Classes of Kingdom Animalia
Amphibia
- Can live in aquatic as well as terrestrial habitats
- Body divisible into head and trunk
- Skin is moist without scales
- Tympanum represents ear
- Cloaca is the common chamber where alimentary, urinary, and reproductive tracts open
- Respiration takes place by gills, lungs, or skin
- Heart is three-chambered
- Oviparous with indirect development
- Includes Bufo, Rana, Hyla, Salamandra, Ichthyophis (Limbless amphibia)
Reptilia
- Creep or crawl to perform locomotion
- Body has dry and cornified skin and epidermal scales or scutes
- Tympanum represents ear
- Limbs when present are two pairs
- Snakes and lizards shed scales as skin cast
- Heart is three-chambered but four-chambered in crocodiles
- Oviparous with direct development
- Includes Testudo, Naja, Vipera, Calotes
Aves
- Characterised by the presence of feathers and beak
- Forelimbs are modified into wings
- Hind limbs have scales and are modified for various activities
- No glands on skin except oil gland at base of tail
- Endoskeleton bony with air cavities (pneumatic) and hollow bones to assist in flight
- Heart is completely four-chambered
- Warm-blooded (homoiothermous) animals
- Air sacs are connected to lungs to supplement respiration
- Oviparous with direct development
- Includes Columba (Pigeon), Struthio (Ostrich), Neophron, Pisttacula, Pavo (Peacock)
Mammalia
- Characterised by mammary glands to nourish young ones
- Two pairs of limbs
- Skin has hairs
- External ears or pinna is present
- Different types of teeth are present in the jaw
- Viviparous with direct development, but Ornithorhynchus (Platypus) is an oviparous mammal
- Includes Rattus, Canis, Elephas, Equus, Pteropus, Macropus, Balaenoptera
Morphology of Flowering Plants
Root, Stem, and Leaf
- Morphology: study of external features of an organism
- Adaptation: alteration in structure or function of an organism or any of its part that results from natural selection and by which the organism becomes better fitted to survive and multiply in its environment
- The root is the underground part of the plant and develops from elongation of the radicle of the embryo
Eukaryotic Cells
- Possess an organized nucleus with nuclear envelope and has a variety of complex locomotory and cytoskeletal structures
- Cell membrane is composed of lipids that are arranged in a bilayer
- The ratio of protein and lipid varies considerably in different cell types
- Integral proteins are partially or totally buried in the membrane
- Peripheral proteins lie on the surface of the membrane
- Singer and Nicolson (1972) gave the 'Fluid mosaic model'
Biomolecules
- Biomolecules are carbon compounds derived from living tissues
- Elemental composition of living tissues is determined through elemental analysis
- Analysis of organic constituents in a living tissue identifies functional groups such as aldehydes, ketones, and aromatic compounds
- Amino acids have an amino group and a carboxylic group on the same alpha carbon atom
- The four substituent groups of amino acids are hydrogen, the carboxyl group, amino group, and a variable R group
- Amino acids have ionizable NH2 and COOH groups that form zwitter ions
Test your knowledge on the characteristics of birds and mammals, including their skeletal features, respiratory system, and reproduction. Identify key traits such as endoskeleton with air cavities, four-chambered heart, warm-blooded nature, and oviparous reproduction. Explore specific examples like Pigeon, Ostrich, Peacock, and learn about mammary glands in mammals.
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