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Questions and Answers
In the experiment conducted by A. Mayer, what was the key finding regarding the transmission of the tobacco mosaic disease?
In the experiment conducted by A. Mayer, what was the key finding regarding the transmission of the tobacco mosaic disease?
- The disease was due to a lack of nutrients in the soil.
- The disease was transmitted by insects.
- The disease was caused by bacteria.
- The disease could be transmitted by spraying extract from diseased plants onto healthy plants. (correct)
What critical step did Dmitri Ivanowski take in his experiment that helped to further understand the nature of viruses?
What critical step did Dmitri Ivanowski take in his experiment that helped to further understand the nature of viruses?
- Observing the infected plants under a microscope.
- Heating the extract to kill any bacteria.
- Isolating the virus in a pure culture.
- Using a filter to remove bacteria from the extract before infecting healthy plants. (correct)
Wendell Stanley is credited with a significant contribution to virology. What was it?
Wendell Stanley is credited with a significant contribution to virology. What was it?
- Crystallizing the tobacco mosaic virus. (correct)
- Discovering the first virus.
- Identifying the structure of DNA.
- Developing the first vaccine.
A key characteristic of viruses is that they are acellular. What does this imply about their structure?
A key characteristic of viruses is that they are acellular. What does this imply about their structure?
Why are viruses considered non-living outside a host cell?
Why are viruses considered non-living outside a host cell?
Viruses contain nucleic acids, but what is unique about the type they possess?
Viruses contain nucleic acids, but what is unique about the type they possess?
Which of the following describes the function of a viral capsid?
Which of the following describes the function of a viral capsid?
Viruses exhibit a variety of shapes. Which of the following is NOT a common shape of a virus?
Viruses exhibit a variety of shapes. Which of the following is NOT a common shape of a virus?
What is a bacteriophage?
What is a bacteriophage?
What is the direct outcome of bacteriophage infection?
What is the direct outcome of bacteriophage infection?
What is the key difference between the lytic and lysogenic cycles of viral reproduction?
What is the key difference between the lytic and lysogenic cycles of viral reproduction?
During the lysogenic cycle, the viral DNA integrates into the host cell's chromosome. What is the integrated viral DNA called?
During the lysogenic cycle, the viral DNA integrates into the host cell's chromosome. What is the integrated viral DNA called?
Which of the following plant diseases is caused by a virus?
Which of the following plant diseases is caused by a virus?
Which human disease is caused by a virus?
Which human disease is caused by a virus?
What animal disease is caused by a virus?
What animal disease is caused by a virus?
In traditional vaccine production, what is one potential drawback of using weakened or killed pathogens?
In traditional vaccine production, what is one potential drawback of using weakened or killed pathogens?
What is the first step in creating a vaccine using genetic engineering?
What is the first step in creating a vaccine using genetic engineering?
What is the purpose of using recombinant cells in the production of genetically engineered vaccines?
What is the purpose of using recombinant cells in the production of genetically engineered vaccines?
What is the next step once recombinant cells have produced a sufficient amount of antigen?
What is the next step once recombinant cells have produced a sufficient amount of antigen?
What is the main purpose of injecting a vaccine into a human or animal?
What is the main purpose of injecting a vaccine into a human or animal?
Flashcards
What is a virus?
What is a virus?
A microscopic particle that infects living cells. They are acellular and consist of nucleic acid surrounded by a protein coat.
What is a capsid?
What is a capsid?
An outer protein coat that protects the virus's genetic material.
What is a Bacteriophage?
What is a Bacteriophage?
A virus that infects and replicates within bacteria.
What is Virus Replication?
What is Virus Replication?
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What is a recombinant vaccine?
What is a recombinant vaccine?
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What is the Lysogenic Cycle?
What is the Lysogenic Cycle?
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What is the Lytic Cycle?
What is the Lytic Cycle?
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What is viral nucleic acid?
What is viral nucleic acid?
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What is the viral capsid?
What is the viral capsid?
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What is a vaccine?
What is a vaccine?
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What are virus surface proteins?
What are virus surface proteins?
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What is an attenuated virus vaccine?
What is an attenuated virus vaccine?
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What is a Virus Sheath?
What is a Virus Sheath?
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Study Notes
- Viruses consist of capsid, nucleic acid, sheath, tails, and a rod
- Students are expected to be able to describe the characteristics and replication method of viruses after studying this section
- Students are expected to be able to explain the role of viruses in life after studying this section
History of Virus Discovery
- A. Mayer conducted experiments on virus research using tobacco plants
- Dmitri Ivanowski also conducted experiments on virus research utilizing filtration of tobacco leaf extract
- Wendell Stanley crystallized microscopic particles that attack tobacco plants, naming them Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV)
Characteristics of Viruses
- Viruses are acellular, lacking cells
- They range in size from 20-300 millimicrons
- They contain either RNA or DNA
- They exist as crystals
- Viruses vary in shape, appearing oval, cylindrical, polyhedral, or complex
- They are structured with nucleic acid enclosed by a capsid
Viral Structure
- Viruses can have a lipid envelope, RNA, and proteins in their structure.
- This includes reverse transcriptase for RNA viruses, and a protein coat (capsid)
Virus Shapes
- Viruses come in various forms, including Herpesviridae, Parvoviridae, Poxviridae, Adenoviridae, and Iridoviridae
Capsid Shapes
- Capsid shapes can be helical or polyhedral.
- Others are complex
Bacteriophages
- Bacteriophages are bacteria-eating viruses discovered by Frederick Twort and Felix d'Herelle
- Bacteriophages cause bacterial cells to rupture
Viral Reproduction
- Viruses infect bacteria via the lytic and lysogenic cycles, causing plant and animal diseases, and even attacking other bacteria
Disease Caused by Viruses
- Plant diseases induced by viruses includes curled leaves due to Turnip Yellow Mosaic Virus
- Another disease caused by viruses is yellowing of tomato leaves due to bean golden mosaic virus
- Viruses like Hepatitis, Herpes, Flu, Measles, and Ebola are all causes of animal and human diseases
Virus as a cause of illness
- Swine flu and avian pox are are animal illnesses caused by viruses -There is also polyoma
Vaccines
- Conventional vaccine creation methods come with side effects
Traditional Vaccine Creation Efficacy
- Vaccines made from pathogens killed using chemicals/heating and weakened pathogens can cause metabolic processes to continue within the pathogens
- Pathogens for vaccines can still cause disease, produce allergies, and potentially affect vaccine makers
Modern Vaccine Creation
- Genetic engineering is leveraged to create vaccines
- First the genes causing disease-symptoms are isolated
- Genes are put into a bacterial or animal cell culture, called recombinant
- These cause the recombinant to produce antigens as a vaccine
Small Pox Vaccine Example
- Production of smallpox vaccines involves isolating a virus with a protein surface to obtain its DNA
- The viral DNA is inserted into a bacterial plasmid to create a recombinant plasmid
- The protein of the virus is grown in a culture and purified for use in a vaccine
- This is injected into humans/animals to create immunity
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