Character String Types in Programming Languages

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Limited dynamic length

enum colors {red, blue, green, yellow, black};

<p>Aid to readability and reliability</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>An array is a homogeneous aggregate of data elements where each element is identified by its position relative to the first element.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Homogeneous nature</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A rectangular array is a multi-dimensioned array in which all rows have the same number of elements and all columns have the same number of elements, while a jagged array has rows with varying numbers of elements.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Implementing arrays requires more compile-time effort than primitive types because arrays are more complex data structures that need to manage memory allocation, indexing, and other operations, while primitive types have a simpler representation in memory.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The fundamental difference between a record and an array is that record elements, or fields, are not referenced by indices, while array elements are referenced by indices.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>An associative array is an unordered collection of data elements that are indexed by an equal number of values called keys, where the user-defined keys must be stored.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>In C, C++, and C#, records are supported with the <code>struct</code> data type.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Most languages use dot notation for field references, for example: <code>Employee_Record.Employee_Name.Middle</code>.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Subscript expressions are used to map indices to array elements, allowing for the retrieval and manipulation of specific elements within an array.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Static arrays have subscript ranges that are statically bound and storage allocation is also static, done before runtime. Fixed stack-dynamic arrays have statically bound subscript ranges but dynamic storage allocation at declaration time. Stack-dynamic arrays have dynamically bound subscript ranges and dynamic storage allocation at runtime.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>In Ada, the use of parentheses <code>()</code> for array references is to maintain uniformity between array references and function calls, as both are mappings from indices to elements.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The subscript expression to access the element in the second row and third column of a $3 \times 4$ matrix represented as a two-dimensional array would be <code>array[1][2]</code>.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Static arrays are the most efficient due to their static subscript ranges and storage allocation, but they lack flexibility in terms of array size. Fixed stack-dynamic arrays offer a balance of efficiency and flexibility, with statically bound subscript ranges but dynamic storage allocation. Stack-dynamic arrays provide the most flexibility, allowing for dynamically bound subscript ranges and dynamic storage allocation, but may be less efficient than the other categories.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>While both array references and function calls involve a mapping from input values to output values, the syntax used to express them differs. Array references typically use subscript expressions with brackets <code>[]</code> or parentheses <code>()</code>, whereas function calls use parentheses <code>()</code> to enclose the arguments passed to the function.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fixed heap-dynamic arrays have storage binding that is dynamic but fixed after allocation (binding is done when requested and storage is allocated from heap, not stack). This provides flexibility as the array's size always fits the problem. Fixed stack-dynamic arrays have storage binding that is static and allocated on the stack, providing less flexibility.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>C and C++ arrays that include the static modifier are static, e.g., <code>static int a = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5};</code>. Arrays without the static modifier are fixed stack-dynamic, e.g., <code>int* arr = new int(5);</code>.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>C and C++ provide fixed heap-dynamic arrays using the <code>malloc</code> functions, e.g., <code>int* arr = (int*)malloc(sizeof(int) * n);</code>.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>In C, C++, Java, and C#, arrays can be initialized at the time of storage allocation, e.g., <code>int list[] = {4, 5, 7, 83};</code> in C/C++. Character strings in C/C++ can be initialized as <code>char name[] = &quot;freddie&quot;;</code>. Arrays of strings in C/C++ can be initialized as <code>char *names[] = {&quot;Bob&quot;, &quot;Jake&quot;, &quot;Joe&quot;};</code>. In Java, String objects can be initialized as <code>String[] names = {&quot;Bob&quot;, &quot;Jake&quot;, &quot;Joe&quot;};</code>.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The advantage of heap-dynamic array bindings is flexibility, as arrays can grow or shrink during program execution.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>C# includes a second array class <code>ArrayList</code> that provides fixed heap-dynamic arrays, whereas C and C++ use the <code>malloc</code> functions to achieve the same.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Arrays are used when data values have the same type and are processed the same way, while records are used when data values are heterogeneous and processed differently.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A pointer type variable has a range of memory addresses and a special value, nil.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Assignment and dereferencing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>C++ uses an explicit operation via '*'. For example, j = *ptr sets j to the value located at ptr.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pointers are extremely flexible but can lead to memory-related issues if not handled properly.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Access to array elements is much slower than access to record fields.</p> Signup and view all the answers