Chapter 9: Gender and Identity Flashcards

Questions and Answers

What does gender refer to?

The social and psychological characteristics associated with being female or male.

What is gender identity?

A person's internal psychological self-concept of being either female or male or a combination of both.

What does gender expression concern?

How we express ourselves to others in ways related to gender that include both behavior and personality.

What are gender roles?

The attitudes, behaviors, rights, and responsibilities that society associates with male or female. Signup and view all the answers

What is gender-role socialization?

The process of conveying what is considered appropriate behavior and perspectives for males and females in a particular culture. Signup and view all the answers

What does sex refer to?

The biological distinction between being female and male. Signup and view all the answers

What is a transvestite?

A person who is aroused by wearing the clothes of the other gender. Signup and view all the answers

What does the social constructionist approach refer to?

The process by which people's perception of reality is shaped largely by the subjective meaning they give to an experience. Signup and view all the answers

What is the social construction of gender?

The examination of the structure of the gendered social order and the processes that construct and maintain it. Signup and view all the answers

What are transsexuals/transgender individuals described as?

People who feel they are imprisoned in the physical body of the wrong gender. Signup and view all the answers

What is the glass ceiling?

Unseen barriers that prevent women with equivalent skills and experience from reaching top positions. Signup and view all the answers

What constitutes sexual harassment?

Unwelcome sexual advances, requests for sexual favors, and other verbal and physical conduct of a sexual nature. Signup and view all the answers

What is sexual assault?

Any unwanted sexual contact where physical force is used. Signup and view all the answers

What is rape defined as?

Sexual intercourse without mutual desire, generally seen as forced penetration. Signup and view all the answers

What does victim-precipitated rape assume?

That the survivor is to blame for the rape, suggesting that the victim 'asked for it.' Signup and view all the answers

What is the feminist perspective on rape?

It emphasizes that rape is a logical reaction of men who are socialized to dominate women. Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes an anger rapist?

Generalized anger/hate toward women or a specific group, often using knives and projecting a macho image. Signup and view all the answers

What is a power reassurance rapist?

A rapist who exploits their victims and is motivated by sexual fantasy, often using minimal violence. Signup and view all the answers

What is a sadistic rapist?

A rapist who is motivated and aroused by their victim’s suffering. Signup and view all the answers

What defines an exploitative rapist?

Arapist who acts impulsively when an opportunity arises. Signup and view all the answers

What are important aspects of counseling victims of sexual assault?

Provide warmth and support, emphasize what they did right, and help rebuild trust. Signup and view all the answers

What are the stages of the battering cycle?

<ol> <li>Tension building, 2) Acute battering, 3) Honeymoon phase.</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

What are reasons why a victim may stay with an abuser?

Economic dependence, lack of self-confidence, lack of power, fear of the abuser, guilt, feeling isolated, fear for their children, and love. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Gender Concepts

Gender: Social and psychological characteristics linked to being female or male, encompassing emotions and aggression.
Gender identity: Internal view of oneself as female, male, or a blend of both.
Gender expression: External demonstration of gender through behavior, clothing, and personality traits.
Gender roles: Societal expectations regarding attitudes, behaviors, rights, and responsibilities associated with males and females.

Gender Socialization

Gender-role socialization: Process of learning appropriate behaviors and viewpoints for males and females within a given culture.

Biological and Psychological Differences

Sex: Biological distinction between females and males, typically defined by reproductive organs.
Transvestite: Individual who experiences arousal from wearing clothing associated with the opposite gender.
Transsexuals/Transgender individuals: Those who feel trapped in a body misaligned with their gender identity.

Social Constructionist approach: The shaping of individuals' perceptions of reality through subjective meanings based on experiences and interactions.
Social construction of gender: Examination of processes that construct and uphold the gendered social order.

Employment and Discrimination

Glass ceiling: Unseen barriers preventing women, despite equivalent qualifications, from reaching senior positions due to biases.
Sexual harassment: Unwanted sexual advances or conduct within the workplace, impacting professional evaluations.

Language and Communication

Using Non-sexist language: Advocating for gender-neutral language alternatives such as "human" instead of "man," and using titles like "Ms." to replace "Miss."

Sexual Violence

Sexual assault: Any non-consensual sexual contact involving physical force.
Rape: Defined as non-consensual sexual intercourse, often characterized by the use of force.

Victim Blaming and Perspectives

Victim-precipitated rape: A problematic view suggesting the survivor bears responsibility for the assault.
Rapist psychopathology: Theory positing that rapists have underlying emotional or mental disturbances.
Feminist perspective on rape: Views rape as an outcome of societal conditioning that reinforces male dominance over women.

Types of Rapists

Anger rapist: Generally directed hatred towards women, often using weapons and embodying a macho persona.
Power reassurance rapist: Engaged in sexual fantasy, seeks control over victims, and typically uses minimal violence; this type is most common.
Sadistic rapist: Rarest and most severe; derives pleasure from the suffering of victims.
Exploitative rapist: Engages opportunistically, acting on sudden impulses.

Support for Victims

Counseling victims: Focuses on providing warmth, affirmation of the victim's actions, and assistance in rebuilding trust after trauma.
The battering cycle: Cycle consists of three phases:
- Tension building
- Acute battering incident
- Honeymoon phase, leading back to tension; represents a continuous cycle.

Reasons for Staying in Abusive Relationships

Economic Dependence: Financial reliance on the abuser.
Lack of Self-Confidence: Diminished self-worth can hinder the ability to leave.
Fear of the Abuser: Intimidation that prevents separation.
Guilt: Misplaced responsibility for the violence.
Isolation: Feelings of being alone in the situation.
Fear for Children: Concern for potential harm to offspring.
Love: Emotional attachment can complicate the decision to leave.

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Explore key terms related to gender, gender identity, and gender expression through these flashcards. Understand the social and psychological aspects that define how individuals perceive their gender and express it to the world. This quiz provides a concise overview of the nuances of gender concepts.