Chapter 8: White Cells Clinical Applications Quiz
69 Questions
0 Views

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

Which cell type has a large nucleus with fine chromatin and usually two to five nucleoli?

  • Myeloblast (correct)
  • Promyelocyte
  • Myelocyte
  • Metamyelocyte
  • Which cell type has primary granules in the cytoplasm and retains nucleoli?

  • Metamyelocyte
  • Myelocyte
  • Promyelocyte (correct)
  • Myeloblast
  • What distinguishes neutrophil forms called 'band', 'stab', or 'juvenile' from fully mature neutrophils?

  • Presence of primary granules
  • Clear, fine filamentous distinction between nuclear lobes (correct)
  • Indented or horseshoe-shaped nucleus
  • Visible nucleoli
  • What marks the transition from myelocytes to metamyelocytes?

    <p>Condensed nuclear chromatin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes monocytes from other peripheral blood leucocytes?

    <p>Large central oval or indented nucleus with clumped chromatin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do eosinophils differ from neutrophils?

    <p>Coarser and more deeply red staining cytoplasmic granules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of cells play a role in allergic responses, defence against parasites, and removal of fibrin formed during inflammation?

    <p>Eosinophils</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are basophils only occasionally seen in normal peripheral blood?

    <p>Plays a role in local immunity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of G-CSF in clinical applications?

    <p>Accelerates granulocytic recovery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cytokines substantially enhance the release of GM-CSF and G-CSF?

    <p>TNF and IL-1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of pegfilgrastim in comparison to short-acting G-CSF like Filgrastim?

    <p>Can be given once in 7–14 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which clinical situations can benefit from the administration of G-CSF according to the text?

    <p>Post-chemotherapy or stem cell transplantation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism by which lactoferrin exerts its bacteriostatic effect?

    <p>Depriving bacteria of iron</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is NOT mentioned as a cause of defects in phagocytic cell function?

    <p>Sickle cell anemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main consequence of a lack of opsonization in phagocytic cell function?

    <p>Impaired bacterial killing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is specifically associated with defective killing of ingested microorganisms according to the text?

    <p>Chronic granulomatous disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes Chédiak–Higashi syndrome from May–Hegglin anomaly and pseudo-Pelger–Huët cells?

    <p>Presence of giant granules in neutrophils, eosinophils, monocytes, and lymphocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what manner is the inheritance of Chédiak–Higashi syndrome different from that of pseudo-Pelger–Huët cells?

    <p>Autosomal recessive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic feature seen in neutrophils of individuals with Hurler's syndrome?

    <p>Abnormal leucocyte granulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition among the mentioned anomalies is due to mutations in the CHS1 (LYST) gene?

    <p>Chédiak–Higashi syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the common presentation in patients with Chédiak–Higashi syndrome?

    <p>Neutropenia, thrombocytopenia, and marked hepatosplenomegaly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Metamyelocytes are dividing cells with an indented nucleus and a cytoplasm filled with primary and secondary granules.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Neutrophil forms termed 'band', 'stab', or 'juvenile' always indicate abnormality when seen in normal peripheral blood.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Myeloblasts give rise to promyelocytes which have primary granules in the cytoplasm and no nucleoli.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The nucleus of myelocytes is less condensed compared to metamyelocytes.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    IL-5 is a growth factor that stimulates the proliferation and differentiation of neutrophils.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    GM-CSF inhibits apoptosis in mature neutrophils.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Increased production of growth factors from stromal cells and T lymphocytes is induced by decreased endotoxin levels in the body.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    G-CSF plays a role in tissue migration rather than in stimulating granulocyte production.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    G-CSF is primarily used to treat aplastic anemia in older patients.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cyclical and drug-induced neutropenia do not respond well to G-CSF.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Monocytes have a longer extravascular lifespan as macrophages compared to their circulation time in the blood.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) has no effect on the recovery of neutrophils following autologous bone marrow transplantation.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Neutrophil leucocytosis is characterized by the presence of red-pink granules in the band form neutrophils.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Alder anomaly, neutrophils contain coarse blue granules in the cytoplasm.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Megaloblastic anaemia is associated with the presence of oversized neutrophils in peripheral blood.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Pelger-Huët anomaly results in the presence of trilobed neutrophils in the peripheral blood.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of G-CSF in clinical applications according to the text?

    <p>To accelerate granulocytic recovery and shorten the period of neutropenia.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does pegfilgrastim differ from short-acting G-CSF like Filgrastim in terms of administration frequency?

    <p>Pegfilgrastim can be given once in 7-14 days, while short-acting G-CSF is given daily.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What cytokines substantially enhance the release of GM-CSF and G-CSF according to the text?

    <p>Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and interleukin-1 (IL-1).</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the indications for the clinical administration of G-CSF as mentioned in the text?

    <p>Post-chemotherapy, radiotherapy, or stem cell transplantation (SCT) to accelerate granulocytic recovery and shorten neutropenia.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the primary and secondary granules found in mature neutrophils, and what enzymes do they contain?

    <p>Primary granules contain myeloperoxidase and acid hydrolases, while secondary granules contain lactoferrin, lysozyme, and other enzymes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the average lifespan of neutrophils in the blood?

    <p>Neutrophils in the blood have an average lifespan of 6-10 hours.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do eosinophils differ from neutrophils in terms of their function?

    <p>Eosinophils play a role in allergic responses, defense against parasites, and removal of fibrin formed during inflammation, unlike neutrophils.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes monocytes from other peripheral blood leukocytes?

    <p>Monocytes have a longer extravascular lifespan as macrophages compared to their circulation time in the blood.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of a 'drumstick' (Barr body) in the nucleus of neutrophils in normal females?

    <p>Presence of two X chromosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes the leukaemoid reaction in terms of leucocytosis?

    <p>Reactive and excessive leucocytosis with immature cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the underlying cause of a leucoerythroblastic reaction?

    <p>Metastatic infiltration of the marrow or blood disorders</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the primary causes of neutrophil leucocytosis according to the text?

    <p>Bacterial infections, inflammation, tissue necrosis, metabolic disorders, neoplasms, haemorrhage, drugs, myeloid disorders, G-CSF treatment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Describe the role of chemokines in inflammation.

    <p>Chemokines bind to and activate cells via chemokine receptors, recruiting appropriate cells to the sites of inflammation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Explain the oxygen-dependent and oxygen-independent pathways of killing and digestion in phagocytes.

    <p>Oxygen-dependent reactions involve generation of superoxide, hydrogen peroxide, and other activated oxygen species, while oxygen-independent mechanism includes nitric oxide and microbicidal proteins.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Differentiate between the functions of neutrophils and eosinophils in the immune response.

    <p>Neutrophils are involved in killing bacteria using oxygen-dependent pathways, while eosinophils play a role in allergic responses, defence against parasites, and removal of fibrin in inflammation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Explain the significance of G-CSF in clinical applications.

    <p>G-CSF plays a role in tissue migration and stimulating granulocyte production in clinical applications.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    G-CSF is used to increase the number of circulating multipotent progenitors from donors or the patient, improving the harvest of sufficient peripheral blood stem cells for allogeneic or autologous ___________.

    <p>transplantation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Monocytes spend only a short time in the marrow and, after circulating for 20–40 hours, leave the blood to enter the tissues, where they mature and carry out their principal functions. Their extravascular lifespan after their transformation to macrophages (histiocytes) may be as long as several months or even ___________.

    <p>years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In tissues the macrophages become self-replicating without replenishment from the ___________.

    <p>blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) has a typical effect on the recovery of neutrophils following autologous bone marrow ___________.

    <p>transplantation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Chemokines are chemotactic cytokines which may be produced constitutively and control lymphocyte traffic under physiological conditions; inflammatory chemokines are induced or up-regulated by inflammatory stimuli. They bind to and activate cells via chemokine receptors and play an important part in recruiting appropriate cells to the sites of ______.

    <p>inflammation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In neutrophils, H2O2 reacts with myeloperoxidase and intracellular halide to kill bacteria; activated oxygen may also be involved. Nitric oxide (NO), generated through NO synthase from L-arginine, is an oxygen-independent mechanism by which phagocytes also kill microbes. The other non-oxidative microbicidal mechanisms involve microbicidal proteins. These may act alone (e.g. cathepsin G) or in conjunction with H2O2 (e.g. ______, elastase).

    <p>lysozyme</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Neutrophil leucocytosis is characterized by the presence of red-pink granules in the ______ form neutrophils.

    <p>band</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Myeloblasts give rise to promyelocytes which have primary granules in the cytoplasm and no ______.

    <p>nucleoli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    __________ are involved in the maturation process of the granulocyte series.

    <p>Many growth factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Growth factors stimulate proliferation and differentiation and also affect the function of the mature cells on which they act, such as phagocytosis, superoxide generation, and cytotoxicity in the case of __________.

    <p>neutrophils</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Increased granulocyte and monocyte production in response to an infection is induced by increased production of growth factors from stromal cells and T lymphocytes, stimulated by endotoxin, and cytokines such as IL-1 or tumour necrosis factor (TNF) in a process known as __________.

    <p>inflammation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Growth factors like G-CSF, GM-CSF, and IL-3 play a role in stimulating proliferation and differentiation of granulocytes like neutrophils, eosinophils, and __________.

    <p>monocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Adults Blood count Children Total leucocytes 4.0–11.0 × 10^9/L* Neutrophils 1.8–7.5 × 10^9/L* Neonates 10.0–25.0 × 10^9/L Eosinophils 0.04–0.4 × 10^9/L 1 year 6.0–18.0 × 10^9/L Monocytes 0.2–0.8 × 10^9/L 4–7 years 6.0–15.0 × 10^9/L Basophils 0.01–0.1 × 10^9/L 8–12 years 4.5–13.5 × 10^9/L Lymphocytes 1.5–3.5 × 10^9/L 9 Blood count Total leucocytes * Normal subjects of African and Middle Eastern descent may have lower counts.In normal pregnancy the upper limits are total leucocytes 14.5 × 10^9/L, ______ 11 × 10^9/L.Minor variations in the ‘normal’ range may be present from laboratory to laboratory.(a) (b) (d) (e) (c) Figure 8.1 White blood cells (leucocytes): (a) neutrophil (polymorph); (b) eosinophil; (c) basophil; (d) monocyte; (e) lymphocyte. 98 / Chapter 8: White cells: granulocytes and monocytes grey–blue granules (Fig. 8.1a).The granules are divided into primary, which appear at the promyelocyte stage, and secondary (specific), which appear at the myelocyte stage and predominate in the mature neutrophil (see Fig. 8.7).Both types of granule are lysosomal in origin: the primary contains myeloperoxidase and other acid hydrolases; the secondary contains lactoferrin, lysozyme and other enzymes.The lifespan of ______ in the blood is only 6–10 hours.Neutrophil precursors These do not normally appear in normal peripheral blood but are present in the marrow (Fig. 8.2).

    <p>neutrophils</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The lifespan of neutrophils in the blood is only 6–10 hours. Neutrophil precursors These do not normally appear in normal peripheral blood but are present in the ______

    <p>marrow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The granules in neutrophils are divided into primary, which appear at the promyelocyte stage, and secondary (specific), which appear at the myelocyte stage and predominate in the mature ______

    <p>neutrophil</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Minor variations in the ‘normal’ range may be present from laboratory to laboratory. In normal pregnancy the upper limits are total leucocytes 14.5 × 10^9/L, ______ 11 × 10^9/L

    <p>neutrophils</p> Signup and view all the answers

    More Like This

    Use Quizgecko on...
    Browser
    Browser