Chapter 8: White Cells Clinical Applications Quiz

Which cell type has a large nucleus with fine chromatin and usually two to five nucleoli?

Which cell type has primary granules in the cytoplasm and retains nucleoli?

What distinguishes neutrophil forms called 'band', 'stab', or 'juvenile' from fully mature neutrophils?

What marks the transition from myelocytes to metamyelocytes?

What distinguishes monocytes from other peripheral blood leucocytes?

How do eosinophils differ from neutrophils?

Which type of cells play a role in allergic responses, defence against parasites, and removal of fibrin formed during inflammation?

Why are basophils only occasionally seen in normal peripheral blood?

What is the function of G-CSF in clinical applications?

Which cytokines substantially enhance the release of GM-CSF and G-CSF?

What is the role of pegfilgrastim in comparison to short-acting G-CSF like Filgrastim?

Which clinical situations can benefit from the administration of G-CSF according to the text?

What is the primary mechanism by which lactoferrin exerts its bacteriostatic effect?

Which condition is NOT mentioned as a cause of defects in phagocytic cell function?

What is the main consequence of a lack of opsonization in phagocytic cell function?

Which condition is specifically associated with defective killing of ingested microorganisms according to the text?

What distinguishes Chédiak–Higashi syndrome from May–Hegglin anomaly and pseudo-Pelger–Huët cells?

In what manner is the inheritance of Chédiak–Higashi syndrome different from that of pseudo-Pelger–Huët cells?

What is the characteristic feature seen in neutrophils of individuals with Hurler's syndrome?

Which condition among the mentioned anomalies is due to mutations in the CHS1 (LYST) gene?

What is the common presentation in patients with Chédiak–Higashi syndrome?

Metamyelocytes are dividing cells with an indented nucleus and a cytoplasm filled with primary and secondary granules.

Neutrophil forms termed 'band', 'stab', or 'juvenile' always indicate abnormality when seen in normal peripheral blood.

Myeloblasts give rise to promyelocytes which have primary granules in the cytoplasm and no nucleoli.

The nucleus of myelocytes is less condensed compared to metamyelocytes.

IL-5 is a growth factor that stimulates the proliferation and differentiation of neutrophils.

GM-CSF inhibits apoptosis in mature neutrophils.

Increased production of growth factors from stromal cells and T lymphocytes is induced by decreased endotoxin levels in the body.

G-CSF plays a role in tissue migration rather than in stimulating granulocyte production.

G-CSF is primarily used to treat aplastic anemia in older patients.

Cyclical and drug-induced neutropenia do not respond well to G-CSF.

Monocytes have a longer extravascular lifespan as macrophages compared to their circulation time in the blood.

Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) has no effect on the recovery of neutrophils following autologous bone marrow transplantation.

Neutrophil leucocytosis is characterized by the presence of red-pink granules in the band form neutrophils.

In Alder anomaly, neutrophils contain coarse blue granules in the cytoplasm.

Megaloblastic anaemia is associated with the presence of oversized neutrophils in peripheral blood.

The Pelger-Huët anomaly results in the presence of trilobed neutrophils in the peripheral blood.

What is the primary function of G-CSF in clinical applications according to the text?

How does pegfilgrastim differ from short-acting G-CSF like Filgrastim in terms of administration frequency?

What cytokines substantially enhance the release of GM-CSF and G-CSF according to the text?

What are the indications for the clinical administration of G-CSF as mentioned in the text?

What are the primary and secondary granules found in mature neutrophils, and what enzymes do they contain?

What is the average lifespan of neutrophils in the blood?

How do eosinophils differ from neutrophils in terms of their function?

What distinguishes monocytes from other peripheral blood leukocytes?

What is the significance of a 'drumstick' (Barr body) in the nucleus of neutrophils in normal females?

What characterizes the leukaemoid reaction in terms of leucocytosis?

What is the underlying cause of a leucoerythroblastic reaction?

What are the primary causes of neutrophil leucocytosis according to the text?

Describe the role of chemokines in inflammation.

Explain the oxygen-dependent and oxygen-independent pathways of killing and digestion in phagocytes.

Differentiate between the functions of neutrophils and eosinophils in the immune response.

Explain the significance of G-CSF in clinical applications.

G-CSF is used to increase the number of circulating multipotent progenitors from donors or the patient, improving the harvest of sufficient peripheral blood stem cells for allogeneic or autologous ___________.

Monocytes spend only a short time in the marrow and, after circulating for 20–40 hours, leave the blood to enter the tissues, where they mature and carry out their principal functions. Their extravascular lifespan after their transformation to macrophages (histiocytes) may be as long as several months or even ___________.

In tissues the macrophages become self-replicating without replenishment from the ___________.

Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) has a typical effect on the recovery of neutrophils following autologous bone marrow ___________.

Chemokines are chemotactic cytokines which may be produced constitutively and control lymphocyte traffic under physiological conditions; inflammatory chemokines are induced or up-regulated by inflammatory stimuli. They bind to and activate cells via chemokine receptors and play an important part in recruiting appropriate cells to the sites of ______.

In neutrophils, H2O2 reacts with myeloperoxidase and intracellular halide to kill bacteria; activated oxygen may also be involved. Nitric oxide (NO), generated through NO synthase from L-arginine, is an oxygen-independent mechanism by which phagocytes also kill microbes. The other non-oxidative microbicidal mechanisms involve microbicidal proteins. These may act alone (e.g. cathepsin G) or in conjunction with H2O2 (e.g. ______, elastase).

Neutrophil leucocytosis is characterized by the presence of red-pink granules in the ______ form neutrophils.

Myeloblasts give rise to promyelocytes which have primary granules in the cytoplasm and no ______.

__________ are involved in the maturation process of the granulocyte series.

Growth factors stimulate proliferation and differentiation and also affect the function of the mature cells on which they act, such as phagocytosis, superoxide generation, and cytotoxicity in the case of __________.

Increased granulocyte and monocyte production in response to an infection is induced by increased production of growth factors from stromal cells and T lymphocytes, stimulated by endotoxin, and cytokines such as IL-1 or tumour necrosis factor (TNF) in a process known as __________.

Growth factors like G-CSF, GM-CSF, and IL-3 play a role in stimulating proliferation and differentiation of granulocytes like neutrophils, eosinophils, and __________.

Adults Blood count Children Total leucocytes 4.0–11.0 × 10^9/L* Neutrophils 1.8–7.5 × 10^9/L* Neonates 10.0–25.0 × 10^9/L Eosinophils 0.04–0.4 × 10^9/L 1 year 6.0–18.0 × 10^9/L Monocytes 0.2–0.8 × 10^9/L 4–7 years 6.0–15.0 × 10^9/L Basophils 0.01–0.1 × 10^9/L 8–12 years 4.5–13.5 × 10^9/L Lymphocytes 1.5–3.5 × 10^9/L 9 Blood count Total leucocytes * Normal subjects of African and Middle Eastern descent may have lower counts.In normal pregnancy the upper limits are total leucocytes 14.5 × 10^9/L, ______ 11 × 10^9/L.Minor variations in the ‘normal’ range may be present from laboratory to laboratory.(a) (b) (d) (e) (c) Figure 8.1 White blood cells (leucocytes): (a) neutrophil (polymorph); (b) eosinophil; (c) basophil; (d) monocyte; (e) lymphocyte. 98 / Chapter 8: White cells: granulocytes and monocytes grey–blue granules (Fig. 8.1a).The granules are divided into primary, which appear at the promyelocyte stage, and secondary (specific), which appear at the myelocyte stage and predominate in the mature neutrophil (see Fig. 8.7).Both types of granule are lysosomal in origin: the primary contains myeloperoxidase and other acid hydrolases; the secondary contains lactoferrin, lysozyme and other enzymes.The lifespan of ______ in the blood is only 6–10 hours.Neutrophil precursors These do not normally appear in normal peripheral blood but are present in the marrow (Fig. 8.2).

The lifespan of neutrophils in the blood is only 6–10 hours. Neutrophil precursors These do not normally appear in normal peripheral blood but are present in the ______

The granules in neutrophils are divided into primary, which appear at the promyelocyte stage, and secondary (specific), which appear at the myelocyte stage and predominate in the mature ______

Minor variations in the ‘normal’ range may be present from laboratory to laboratory. In normal pregnancy the upper limits are total leucocytes 14.5 × 10^9/L, ______ 11 × 10^9/L