Chapter 7: The Politics of Race
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary focus of political science in the 2020s regarding race and diversity?

  • To promote a singular view of Canadian identity
  • To determine which narrative of race will prevail (correct)
  • To dismiss cultural racism as irrelevant
  • To analyze the historical context of racial issues only

How does systemic racism primarily affect society?

  • It is solely a historical issue that no longer exists
  • It focuses only on individual acts of discrimination
  • It emphasizes cultural differences without impact on policies
  • It creates and reinforces patterns of racial disadvantage (correct)

What term often replaced 'race' in discussions after the 1950s?

  • Ethnicity (correct)
  • Identity
  • Culture
  • Ancestry

Cultural racism is defined by its reliance on what basis for superiority?

<p>Cultural, religious, or civilizational differences (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Racialization involves assigning significance to a person's identity based on what criteria?

<p>Social and political processes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes institutional racism?

<p>It interweaves race into systems that create disadvantages (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a consequence of the belief in racism?

<p>Formation of prejudice and unequal treatment (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the concept of race signify in societal discussions?

<p>A constructed hierarchy with racial implications (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What has been a significant consequence of hyper-diversity in urban centers in Canada?

<p>Emergence of backlash like 'Whitelash' (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about Canadian myths of racelessness is true?

<p>Such myths contribute to racism denial and minimize the issue. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How has the discipline of political science in Canada been influenced by racism denial?

<p>It has largely minimized the importance of race issues. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following assertions regarding race science in Canada is accurate?

<p>Core claims of race science have been adequately disproven. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the focus of the 'White Canada' policy approach until the 1960s?

<p>Establishing a racially homogenous Canadian society (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In discussions about racism and racialization, what are two central questions posed in Canada?

<p>Is there a distinctive Canadian politics of race? How has political science engaged with it? (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which historical figures' ideas have shown persistence in promoting white normativity in political philosophy?

<p>Kant and Hegel (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role did race-making play in the Canadian context historically?

<p>It was integral to the White settler project of nation-building. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What event in 1969 prompted resistance from Indigenous peoples due to ongoing land encroachments and resource extraction issues?

<p>Trudeau Government's White Paper (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a key outcome of the Calder case in 1973?

<p>Legal acknowledgment of Indigenous title (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does s. 35 of the Canadian Constitution emphasize regarding Indigenous rights?

<p>The right to consultation and accommodation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did Bill C-45 in 2012 impact Indigenous land rights?

<p>It opened new areas for extraction without Indigenous consent. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterized the relationship between the state and Indigenous peoples during Harper's government from 2006 to 2015?

<p>Attempts to maximize resource extraction for export (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes the implementation approach of UNDRIP compared to Canadian law regarding Indigenous rights?

<p>Canadian law is more limited than UNDRIP. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What movement emerged in response to perceived inadequacies in Indigenous rights consultation and environmental concerns?

<p>Idle No More (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the ongoing relationship between Indigenous peoples and the state primarily manifest in Canada?

<p>Through persistent territorial disputes and extractivism (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes the concept of sexual citizenship?

<p>It focuses on the varying experiences of citizenship related to sexual orientation and expression. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the social contract imply in a civic context?

<p>Individuals sacrifice certain freedoms to form a cooperative society with shared responsibilities. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes public and private spheres in a liberal political framework?

<p>Public spaces are for addressing collective issues, whereas private spaces reflect individual freedoms. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary focus of social reproduction as a concept?

<p>The unpaid reproductive labor primarily provided by women in society. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (UNDRIP) recognize Indigenous peoples?

<p>As unique entities with specified human rights and protections. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of rights typically guarantees citizens a level of economic welfare in advanced democracies?

<p>Social rights (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What critical role does the 'duty to consult and cooperate' play as defined by UNDRIP?

<p>It ensures resource development projects respect Indigenous rights and voice. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect does the sexual contract emphasize regarding women’s citizenship rights?

<p>It illustrates the dependence of women's rights on their marital status. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the sexual contract influence women's citizenship rights?

<p>Women can only access rights through their relationship with a man. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the impact of settler colonialism on Indigenous Genders and Sexualities?

<p>Indigenous peoples were often seen as inferior for their non-adherence to settler beliefs. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do private relationships play in political life under the sexual contract?

<p>They engage in power relationships integral to political life. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did feminist and queer activists challenge the concept of the private sphere?

<p>They asserted that the private sphere is not separate and holds political significance. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best reflects the historical exclusion of women from the social contract?

<p>The sexual contract explicitly excluded women from citizenship. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what ways does the government regulate the private sphere?

<p>It enforces laws and policies on personal relationships and sexual conduct. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What significance do Indigenous, Black, and racialized women hold in political engagement?

<p>They sought alternative means of political engagement and community building. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following reflects a core component of the public and private spheres under the sexual contract?

<p>The public sphere is framed as rational and man-made. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What concept is described as the legitimacy based on adults freely consenting to state authority in exchange for rights?

<p>Social Contract (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which was NOT a barrier faced by LGBTQ individuals as mentioned regarding their participation in formal politics?

<p>Disqualification from public office (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which case or legislation addressed gendered provisions under the Indian Act?

<p>Bill C-31 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The gender binary contributes to which of the following ideas?

<p>Assigning gender characteristics and roles based on sex (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does intersectional feminist theory emphasize alongside gender analysis?

<p>Race, class, and sexuality (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best reflects the impact of feminist and queer activism on political representation?

<p>It has organized communities to gain visibility and support. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect has the gender binary had on transgender and queer rights?

<p>It has denied and concealed non-conforming rights. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The exclusion of women from the social contract was justified by arguments claiming women were:

<p>Too emotional for rational debate (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Canadian Myths of Racelessness

The widespread belief, especially among dominant groups in Canada, that racism doesn't exist or is not a significant problem.

Scientific Racism

The false idea that racial differences are biologically based and used to justify racist ideologies and policies.

White Settler Society

A society where the dominant group is of European descent, established through settlement, impacting land ownership, and political influence.

Politics of Race Science

Using the false idea of race to promote racial hierarchy, justify discriminatory practices, and shape political decisions, based on false scientific claims.

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Race Making

The process of creating and maintaining racial categories and distinctions through discourse, policies, and social practices.

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Racism Denial

The act of ignoring or downplaying the existence of racism or its impact.

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Race as organizing concept

Race is a central concept in European thought, tied to empire, colonialism and enslavement.

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Racial Reckoning

A period of critical self-examination of systemic racism, its implications, and means for addressing the social injustices.

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Systemic Racism

How societal structures, laws, and practices work together to create racial inequality and disadvantage for racial minorities.

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Institutional Racism

The way race is built into major institutions and policies, causing disadvantage to specific groups.

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Cultural Racism

Using cultural differences, not biology, to justify prejudice and inequality.

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Race

A made-up social idea that groups people based on perceived differences, not real biological ones.

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Racialization

The process of assigning racial meaning to someone’s identity.

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Racism

The idea that races are naturally better or worse and use beliefs to cause unequal treatment or violence.

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Ethnicity

A social group that uses shared traits like heritage, language, and customs to divide people for political use, despite lacking a clear scientific basis.

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White Supremacy

Belief that people with White origins are superior.

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Gender and Sexuality Exclusion in Politics

Gender and sexuality are often used to exclude individuals from political participation and rights, leading to unequal treatment and a historical lack of representation.

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Social Contract

A concept where people agree to give up some freedoms in exchange for protection and rights provided by the state.

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Gender Binary

The idea that there are only two genders (male and female), and that these are fixed and opposite.

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Intersectional Feminism

A feminist approach that recognizes how gender intersects with other social categories like race, class, and sexuality.

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Indigenous Women's Rights

A focus on the specific rights and challenges faced by Indigenous women in Canada, who have historically faced significant discrimination.

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Bill C-16

Canadian legislation that protects gender identity and expression, improving legal protections.

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Transgender and Queer Peoples' Rights

These groups face specific barriers in political systems due to not conforming to the gender binary.

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Feminist and Queer activism

Organizing strategies used by feminist and queer activists to advocate for their rights and issues in political communities.

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Political Rights

Rights that allow citizens to participate in government, including voting, running for office, and peaceful protest.

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Public Sphere

A space where people discuss and find solutions to shared problems, often involving government or collective action.

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Private Sphere

Individual spaces for freedom and personal beliefs, protected from interference by the government or collective groups.

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Social Rights

Entitlements that provide basic economic and social security for citizens, often through social insurance and welfare programs.

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Sexual Citizenship

Examines how citizen rights and responsibilities are experienced differently based on various sexual orientations and expressions.

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Social Reproduction

The work done to maintain individuals, families, and societies, including unpaid care work and reproduction.

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Heteropatriarchy

A system of power where men hold dominant positions and heterosexual relationships are privileged, leading to the oppression of women and LGBTQ+ individuals.

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Indigenous Genders and Sexualities

The diverse and complex gender and sexual identities of Indigenous peoples that challenge the Western binary understanding of gender and sexuality.

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Public vs. Private Sphere

The societal division of spaces and roles, where the public sphere is considered political and dominated by men, while the private sphere is seen as apolitical and dominated by women.

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The Private Sphere is Political

The argument that the private sphere is not apolitical, but rather deeply connected to power dynamics, political work, and government regulation.

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Private Relationships are Political

Power dynamics within relationships, particularly in families, are integral to the wider system of political power and inequality.

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Political Work in Private Channels

Political activism that takes place in informal, private settings, such as community building, advocacy, and grassroots movements.

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Government Regulation of the Private Sphere

The way governments impose rules and regulations on people's private lives, including sexuality, relationships, and bodies.

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White Paper 1969

A Canadian government plan aimed at assimilating Indigenous peoples into Canadian society, which faced strong opposition and was ultimately rejected.

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James Bay and Northern Quebec Agreement 1975

A landmark agreement between the Canadian government and Cree and Inuit communities in Quebec, granting them some self-government and land rights in exchange for allowing resource development.

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Berger Commission 1974

A public inquiry into the environmental and social impacts of the proposed Mackenzie Valley Pipeline, which ultimately recommended against its construction based on concerns for Indigenous communities and the environment.

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Calder Case 1973

A landmark legal case that recognized the existence of Indigenous land rights in Canada, but ultimately limited their scope by stating that Crown title could extinguish Indigenous title.

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Idle No More

A grassroots Indigenous-led movement that arose in 2012 in response to Canadian government policies perceived as threatening Indigenous land rights and environmental protection.

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UNDRIP (United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples)

An international declaration outlining the rights of Indigenous Peoples worldwide, including the right to self-determination, cultural integrity, and land ownership.

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Consultation versus Consent

A key issue in Canada's relationship with Indigenous Peoples, where the government often argues for the 'duty to consult' instead of 'free, prior and informed consent' before undertaking projects that impact Indigenous lands or rights.

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Extractivism

A system of resource extraction that often prioritizes economic gain and ignores or minimizes environmental and social impacts, especially on Indigenous communities.

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Study Notes

Chapter 7: The Politics of Race

  • Canada has been slow to acknowledge the significance of race in its past, but this has shifted as racial issues disrupt political discourse.
  • Key concepts include Idle No More, the Truth and Reconciliation Commission, and Black Lives Matter.
  • A 2020 Ipsos poll revealed that 60% of Canadians perceive racism as a significant problem.
  • Anti-Asian racism intensified during the COVID-19 pandemic.
  • Canada is experiencing a “Great Social Transformation” due to increased diversity.
  • The concept of majority-minority refers to the phenomenon where multiple minority groups together constitute the majority.

Canadian Myths of Racelessness

  • Racism denial and the myth of Canada's "race-neutral" history persist, especially among dominant social groups.
  • This is expressed as outright denial, polite racism, and minimizing issues compared to other countries.
  • Historical concepts of racism have informed political science and public policy.

The Politics of Race Science

  • Despite being disproven, scientific racism persists.
  • Examples of this include the promotion of forced sterilization and the eugenics and psychology of figures like Charles Kirk Clarke, and J. Phillipe Rushton.
  • Rushton's work wasn't fully discredited by Western University until 2020.

The Making of a White Settler Society

  • Racist ideologies, produced by the state and universities, underpinned political leaders and public policies.
  • Race-making was central to nation-building efforts in Canada.
  • Policies aimed to maintain "White Canada" until the 1960s, excluding people of color.

Writing Race and the Political

  • Ideas about race are deeply ingrained in how Canadians perceive themselves, their state, citizenship, and belonging.
  • The Two Founding Races framework, championed by Andre Siegfried, highlights the importance of English and French histories in Canadian politics.
  • This framework, solidified in the Royal Commission on Biculturalism and Bilingualism, led to the erasure of Indigenous peoples and other ethnic groups

Chapter 8: Genders and Sexualities

  • Politics profoundly affects gender and sexuality.
  • Feminist and queer activists have organized to advocate for their rights.
  • Intersectional feminism acknowledges the interconnected nature of gender, race, and class oppression.
  • Social hierarchies are shaped by the gender binary, in which gender is divided into distinct categories, male or female.
  • While women have been excluded from the social contract, the gender binary continues to influence political discourse.

The Sexual Contract

  • Women were marginalized by the social contract and the sexual contract, meaning their citizenship was tied to their marital status.
  • The sexual contract, deeply tied to the gender binary, denies women equal rights and liberties.
  • The unequal distribution of rights based on sex and gender was challenged by feminist movements and queer activism.

The Public and Private Spheres

  • Politics occurs in both public and private spheres, with the private sphere being shaped by gendered expectations.
  • The public sphere, dominated by men, is constructed as rational, intellectual, and focused on impersonal issues.
  • Women are often relegated to the private sphere, often characterized as emotional, natural, and related to intimate matters.

Chapter 6: Indigenous Peoples, Land, and the UNDRIP

  • The United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (UNDRIP) recognizes Indigenous peoples as distinct groups with specific rights and emphasizes the importance of safeguarding their land rights and relationships with land.
  • However, the implementation of UNDRIP in Canada has been slow and fraught with difficulties.
  • Settler colonialism resulted in the displacement of Indigenous peoples and ongoing encroachments on Indigenous land.
  • Colonial policies of extractivism, such as resource extraction without Indigenous consent, continue to have devastating impacts on Indigenous communities.

Key Terms

  • Key terms to understand include Aboriginal, Colonialism, Extractivism, First Nations, Indian, Indigenous, Inuit, Land claims, Métis, Native, Settler colonialism, and Unceded lands.

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Chapter 7: The Politics Of Race F2024 UP

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Explore the intricate dynamics of race in Canada as detailed in Chapter 7. This chapter delves into significant events and movements such as Idle No More and Black Lives Matter, and examines the ongoing challenge of racism within Canadian society. Gain insight into the myths of racelessness and how they shape political discourse and public perception.

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