Chapter 7: Movies and Image Power
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Questions and Answers

What year marked the beginning of talkies in the film industry?

  • 1925
  • 1932
  • 1930
  • 1927 (correct)

What is the main purpose of viral marketing?

  • To avoid unsolicited commercial emails.
  • To explore and analyze various media efficiency.
  • To create long-lasting advertisements on multiple media channels.
  • To quickly gain widespread attention through sharing by users. (correct)

What factor contributed significantly to the control of major studios over the movie industry during the rise of talkies?

  • Expansion of film festivals
  • Government regulations
  • Increased box office revenues
  • Investment in new sound technology (correct)

What is the role of media buyers in advertising?

<p>To negotiate rates and place ads with suitable media outlets. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant platform for independent movies to gain publicity?

<p>The Sundance Film Festival (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which advertising technique seeks to persuade consumers by linking a product to a sense of simplicity?

<p>Plain-folks pitch. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of saturation advertising?

<p>To maximize product visibility across various media channels. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the primary focus of documentary films?

<p>Realistic, fact-based storytelling (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of issues do documentaries often address?

<p>Social, political, and environmental issues (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which persuasive technique uses a popular figure to endorse a product?

<p>Famous-person testimonial. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The snob-appeal approach primarily targets which consumer mindset?

<p>Desire for social status and exclusivity. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do documentaries differ from traditional Hollywood films?

<p>They offer a realistic portrayal of actual events. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is predictive marketing focused on?

<p>Generating future purchasing desires for products and services. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do film festivals play for independent films?

<p>They help in marketing and gaining distribution deals. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of advertising creates product-name recognition through annoyance?

<p>Irritation advertising. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of gatekeepers in the context of information dissemination?

<p>To control access to information and decide message distribution (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes disinformation from misinformation?

<p>Disinformation is created and shared with the intent to deceive, while misinformation is shared without intent. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best defines remix culture?

<p>A term describing a society where people remix, edit, and combine existing texts. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of a media event?

<p>To gain coverage in the media (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant concern for journalists regarding manipulated images?

<p>It can undermine the credibility of news organizations. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which principle of effective crisis communication emphasizes the importance of providing accurate information?

<p>Be Right (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do deepfakes pose a threat to information credibility?

<p>They create highly realistic but false images or videos. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the right of fair use?

<p>A legal doctrine permitting limited use of copyrighted material without permission. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the principle of 'Express Empathy' in crisis communication involve?

<p>Acknowledging the suffering of affected individuals (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does public relations differ from advertising?

<p>Public relations involves more complex and evolving messages (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes misinformation?

<p>It is incorrect information shared without the intent to deceive. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes greenwashing?

<p>Deceptive practices in environmental marketing (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are deepfakes primarily characterized by?

<p>Advanced digital technology creating convincingly fraudulent content. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an important action to take during a crisis, according to effective crisis communication principles?

<p>Promote action to restore a sense of control (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which principle calls for maintaining honesty and truthfulness during crises?

<p>Be Credible (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do the 'Green Guides' issued by the Federal Trade Commission provide guidelines for?

<p>Regulating greenwashing claims (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which media business is specifically protected by the U.S. Constitution?

<p>The Press (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the value of ethnocentrism in American journalism involve?

<p>Evaluating countries by how closely they reflect American practices (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the first obligation of journalism?

<p>To the truth (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does responsible capitalism in journalism emphasize?

<p>Creating prosperity for all rather than just for a few (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What must journalists do to maintain their independence?

<p>Disclose and avoid conflicts of interest (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which value in American journalism favors individual rights over group needs?

<p>Individualism (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes 'small-town pastoralism' in journalism?

<p>Favoring rural over urban perspectives (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the discipline of verification require from journalists?

<p>To confirm the truth of their accounts (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the outcome of the 2010 Federal Election Commission decision regarding spending for TV and radio advertising?

<p>It violated First Amendment rights by limiting spending. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why do social media companies not violate users' First Amendment rights when banning users based on content?

<p>They are private entities not subject to the First Amendment. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the significance of the Sedition Act of 1798?

<p>It tested the boundaries of the First Amendment's protections. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did the New York Times v. Sullivan case establish regarding defamation lawsuits by public officials?

<p>Public officials must prove knowledge of false statements. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why were films not considered constitutionally protected speech until 1952?

<p>Legal definitions categorized them as business rather than art. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do Internet corporations play in the context of free speech?

<p>They have become powerful gatekeepers of information. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of censorship as described?

<p>To protect society from perceived harm. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What must journalists demonstrate to critique government officials without fear of legal repercussions?

<p>Evidence of actual malice in their reporting. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Talkies

Movies with sound, beginning in 1927.

Indie Films

Films made outside the major Hollywood system.

Home video rentals

Gave independent films a way to reach wider audiences.

News Studios

Distribute movies outside the Hollywood system.

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Documentary Films

Films that interpret reality by recording actual people and settings.

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Documentary's Importance

Provide realistic storytelling, social awareness and activism.

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Film Festivals

Platforms for independent films to gain publicity and distribution deals.

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Talkies Cost

Expensive conversion of movies to sound.

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Gatekeepers

People or organizations that control access to information or decide what is shared.

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Misinformation

False or misleading information spread unintentionally.

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Disinformation

False or misleading information spread intentionally to deceive.

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Remix Culture

Creating and sharing content by modifying or combining existing media.

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Deepfakes

Fraudulent images or videos created using advanced technology.

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Right of Fair Use

Legal permission to use copyrighted material without permission in specific circumstances, like criticism or commentary.

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Image Manipulation Concern

Manipulated images can damage the credibility of news organizations, affecting audience trust.

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Deepfakes/Credibility

Deepfakes can make authenticating information difficult, negatively affecting trust and potentially causing significant harm.

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Viral Marketing

A marketing strategy where short videos or content are shared online to gain quick attention and user engagement.

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Media Planners

Professionals who evaluate the effectiveness of various media channels (like TV, internet, etc.) for advertising.

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Media Buyers

Professionals that negotiate ad rates and placements in chosen media outlets, evaluating ad effectiveness.

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Saturation Advertising

A marketing tactic flooding various media channels with ads to target a specific audience.

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Spam

Unsolicited commercial email.

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Predictive Marketing

A marketing strategy focused on anticipating customer desires by analyzing data to promote future products.

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Famous-Person Testimonial

An advertising technique that uses a well-known person to promote or endorse a product.

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Plain-Folks Pitch

Advertising technique associating a product with simplicity and common values.

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Media Event

An event created specifically to gain media coverage.

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Lobbying

Influencing lawmakers to support an organization's or industry's interests.

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Crisis Communication: Be First

Provide information quickly in a crisis; being the first source often builds trust.

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Crisis Communication: Be Right

Communicate accurate information, even if it's incomplete, to maintain credibility.

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Crisis Communication: Be Credible

Maintain honesty and transparency to build trust during a crisis.

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Crisis Communication: Express Empathy

Acknowledge and empathize with people's feelings during a crisis to build rapport.

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Crisis Communication: Promote Action

Give people meaningful tasks to do to reduce anxiety and restore control.

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Crisis Communication: Show Respect

Respectful communication is crucial when people feel vulnerable.

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Greenwashing

Deceptive marketing claiming environmental friendliness without actual evidence or action.

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What is journalism's primary obligation?

To present the truth to the public, accurately.

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Who is the ultimate boss of a journalist?

The citizen, not the news organization, advertisers or sources.

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Essential Element: Verification

Confirming the accuracy of the story through reliable sources.

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Ethnocentrism in Journalism

Judging other cultures based on American standards and values.

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Responsible Capitalism in Journalism

The belief that businesses should strive for prosperity for all, not just profit maximization.

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Small-Town Pastoralism in Journalism

Preference for rural and small communities over larger cities.

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Journalism's Independence

Avoiding conflicts of interest and disclosing them transparently.

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Individualism in Journalism

Prioritizing individual rights and responsibilities over group needs.

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Super PACs

Political Action Committees (PACs) that can raise unlimited funds from corporations and unions for political advertising.

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First Amendment & Social Media

The First Amendment doesn't force social media companies to host speech they consider harmful, even if their content moderation decisions feel arbitrary.

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Powerful Gatekeepers Today

Internet corporations like Facebook and Google have become the main controllers of what information reaches the public.

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Sedition Act (1798)

Law that made it illegal to criticize the U.S. government. This tested the boundaries of free speech and press.

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Censorship

Suppression of opinions or speech, often to protect society from perceived harm.

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New York Times v. Sullivan (1964)

Landmark case that established public officials must prove 'actual malice' if they sue for defamation.

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Actual Malice

Knowing a statement was false or publishing with reckless disregard for the truth.

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Films & Free Speech (1952)

Before 1952, films weren't considered a protected form of speech because courts saw them as mere entertainment.

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Study Notes

Chapter 7: Movies and the Power of Images

  • Early Inventors and Filmmakers:

    • Eadweard Muybridge: First to photograph motion; studied horses.
    • George Eastman: Invented roll film, huge improvement for photography.
    • Louis Aimé Augustin Le Prince: Invented the first motion picture camera.
    • Hannibal Goodwin: Improved film, using celluloid.
    • William Kennedy Dickson: Edison's assistant, combined technologies to create kinetograph and kinetoscope.
    • Thomas Edison: Kinetograph and kinetoscope; created new video camera technology.

  • Early Motion Picture Technology:

    • Kinetoscope: Single-person viewing system.
    • Kinetograph: Early movie camera.
    • Vitascope: Large-screen projection system, by Edison; enabled mass projection.

  • Early Filmmakers and Innovations:

    • Georges Méliès: Early filmmaker; used special effects, time-lapse photography, dissolves, and hand-painted color.
    • Edwin S. Porter: Advanced film editing techniques, developed continuity editing.
    • D.W. Griffith: Important Hollywood director; refined many narrative and technical techniques (close-ups, multiple story lines, fast-paced editing).

  • Key Terms:

    • Movies, roll film, celluloid, kinetograph, kinetoscope, vitascope, narrative films.

Chapter 2: The Internet and Digital Media

  • The Four Phases of the Internet:
    • Pre-Web Internet: Military & academic use (ARPAnet)
    • Web 1.0: Mass medium (World Wide Web, early 1990s)
    • Web 2.0: Interactive (user-generated content, social networking, 2000s)
    • Web 3.0: Intelligent (data-driven, interconnected systems, IoT, 2010s/2020s)

Chapter 3: Digital Gaming and the Media Playground

  • Gaming and Media:
    • Video games inspire movies, and vice-versa.
    • Games use content (books, animation) from popular media types.
    • Concerns about addiction.

Chapter 11: Advertising and Commercial Culture

  • Contemporary Advertising:
    • Mega-agencies: Large advertising firms formed through mergers.
    • Boutique agencies: Smaller agencies, specializing in select clientele.
    • Market research: Assessing consumer views, to help shape advertising efforts.
    • VALS: Values and Lifestyles framework used by advertisers to target demographics.
    • Storyboards: Rough outlines or comic strip version of an ad.
    • Slogans: Catchphrases used to sum up an advertisement.
    • Viral marketing: Short videos spread widely on the internet.

Chapter 12: Public Relations and Framing the Message

  • PR Techniques:
    • Press releases (news releases): Announce information, used to pitch a story.
    • Video news releases (VNRs): Short video news reports.
    • Public service announcements (PSAs): Promote programs, educational projects, social reform.
    • Media events: Circumstances created to generate news coverage.

Chapter 14: Fake News

  • Types of Fake News:
    • Satirists: use humor to critique the news media.
    • Hoaxes and Hucksters: People or organizations who deceptively promote products.
    • Opinion Entrepreneurs: Media outlets striving to push narratives.
    • Propagandists: Spread coordinated messages to promote/support a specific idea.
    • Information Anarchists: Intentionally create doubt and mistrust..

  • First Amendment: Guarantees freedoms of speech, the press, assembly, religion.

  • Legal Cases:

    • Watergate Scandal, 1972
    • Buckley v. Valeo, 1976:
    • Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission, 2010
    • New York Times v. Sullivan, 1964

  • Freedom of Expression:

    • Protections for speech expression, and the importance of balancing freedom and security

  • Legal Issues:

    • Libel, obscenity, invasion of privacy, and copyright infringement.

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Description

Explore the fascinating history of early filmmakers and the inventions that revolutionized motion pictures. Learn about key figures like Eadweard Muybridge and Thomas Edison, and their contributions to film technology. This quiz will test your knowledge of the technological advancements and early cinematic techniques that shaped the industry.

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