Chapter 6: Programming Techniques in Java
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Questions and Answers

What is a key characteristic of object-oriented programming languages?

  • They divide the system into Objects. (correct)
  • They require low-level language knowledge.
  • They strictly use functional programming principles.
  • They focus on a sequence of operations.

Which of the following is not a benefit of object-oriented programming?

  • Sequential execution of code. (correct)
  • Improved encapsulation of data.
  • Code reusability through inheritance.
  • Increased modularity in program design.

What is the primary focus of software engineering?

  • Installing only existing software applications.
  • Learning low-level programming languages.
  • Writing efficient algorithms exclusively.
  • Developing and maintaining software products. (correct)

Which concept is involved in encapsulation within object-oriented programming?

<p>Combining functions and data in a single unit. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is characteristic of structured programming languages?

<p>Sequential operations are a design focus. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which access specifier allows a member to be visible only within its own class?

<p>Private (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the visibility of a member defined with the Package (default) access specifier in classes outside its package?

<p>Not visible (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which access specifier allows a member to be accessible in both its own package and subclasses in other packages?

<p>Protected (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Given that the variable 'name' should be visible to all classes in the application, which access specifier should be used?

<p>Public (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of the given packages, which variable is only accessible within Class A?

<p>w (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does polymorphism mean in programming?

<p>Having many forms (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which variable in Class A would be visible to Class B that inherits from it?

<p>y (A), z (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which access specifier can be used to achieve visibility across the same package but not to classes outside the package?

<p>Package default (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the access level of the variable 'seat_no' in the Student class?

<p>Protected (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about constructors is correct?

<p>Constructors are invoked when creating an object. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which line of code correctly initializes a Student object with parameters?

<p>Student s1 = new Student(“12J13125”,“John”,12,“<a href="mailto:[email protected]">[email protected]</a>”,1500.5); (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What will be printed when calling the selfAdviseCourses method on an instance of Student?

<p>self advise (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the data type of 'salary' in the Student class?

<p>float (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many objects of the Lecturer class are required to be created?

<p>Two (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which method allows a Student object to register for courses?

<p>selfRegisterCourses (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What will happen if you try to create a Student object without providing any parameters?

<p>An error will occur at compile time. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the super keyword in the subclasses of Student?

<p>To invoke the constructor of the superclass. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which property is unique to the Fstudent subclass?

<p>L2Score (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the correct way to create an instance of PFstudent?

<p>PFstudent student = new PFstudent(ID, Name, cgpa, TOFEL); (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the keyword 'protected' signify for the Student class properties?

<p>The properties can be accessed by subclasses and classes in the same package. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes 'Foundation Student' based on the inheritance relationship?

<p>It is a subclass of Student. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is likely the role of the variable TOFEL in the PFStudent subclass?

<p>It reflects the student's performance at a post-foundation level. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If you want to add an additional score-based property to Fstudent, where should this property be declared?

<p>In the Fstudent class. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which class directly inherits from the Student class?

<p>Fstudent (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between overloading and overriding in Java?

<p>Overloading happens within the same class, while overriding requires base and child classes. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about method overloading is true?

<p>It increases the readability of the program. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In Java, what is required for method overriding to occur?

<p>The superclass and subclass must have methods with the same name and parameters. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of polymorphism does method overloading represent?

<p>Compile time polymorphism (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of method overloading, which of the following is crucial?

<p>Parameters must differ in type, number, or both. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement correctly describes a parent-child relationship in method overriding?

<p>The child class inherits the parent class methods but can provide its own implementation. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the provided example of method overloading, what will be the output of the method call demo(5, 10)?

<p>two int arguments (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is overriding valuable in software engineering?

<p>It allows methods in child classes to have alternate functionalities. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What concept allows an object to perform a single action in different ways?

<p>Polymorphism (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which scenario is polymorphism demonstrated?

<p>An object acting as multiple roles, such as a father and an employee. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What output will be generated when the sound() method of myAnimal is called from the Animal class?

<p>Neigh (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following classes directly extends the Animal class?

<p>Cat (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

At what point is the appropriate sound() method actually called?

<p>Runtime (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical purpose of the method sound() within the Polymorphism class?

<p>To provide a default sound for all animals. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What output is produced when the sound() method of the Cat class is called?

<p>Meow (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of the Polymorphism class?

<p>It serves as a generic base class. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes subclasses in relation to the Polymorphism class?

<p>They can provide specific implementations of methods from the parent class. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT generally associated with polymorphism?

<p>Static binding (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Software Engineering

The systematic process of creating, designing, developing, deploying, and maintaining software applications.

Object-Oriented Programming (OOP)

A programming style where software is structured around objects, each containing data and actions related to that data.

Encapsulation

Bundling data and methods within an object, limiting external access and protecting data integrity.

Inheritance

Creating new objects (child) based on existing ones (parent), inheriting their properties and methods.

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Polymorphism

The ability of an object to take on multiple forms or perform different actions based on context.

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Access Specifier

Keywords that control the visibility of class members (fields, methods, constructors) within a Java program. They determine which parts of the code can access these members.

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Private

The most restrictive access specifier. Members declared private are only accessible within the same class they are defined in.

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Protected

Members declared protected are accessible within the same class, subclasses that inherit from it, and other classes in the same package.

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Package (Default)

If no access specifier is explicitly provided, the member is considered package-private. Accessible within the same package, but not outside.

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Public

The most permissive access specifier. Members declared public are accessible from anywhere in the program.

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Code reusability

The ability to reuse existing code in different parts of the program, minimizing redundant code and improving efficiency.

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Constructor

A special method in Java that initializes the object of a class. It has the same name as the class and is called when an object is created.

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Object (OOP)

An instance of a class, representing a real-world entity with its unique properties and behaviors.

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Class (OOP)

A blueprint or template for creating objects, defining the properties (attributes) and behaviors (methods) that objects of that class will have.

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Data Members

Variables within a class that represent the properties or characteristics of objects of that class.

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Method

A function defined within a class that describes the behavior of objects of that class.

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Initialization

The process of assigning initial values to the data members of an object when it is created.

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Instance Variable

A variable declared within a class that stores data specific to each object created from that class.

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Method Overloading

Defining multiple methods with the same name in the same class but with different parameter lists (number or types of arguments).

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Method Overriding

Defining a method in a subclass with the same name and parameter list as a method in its superclass.

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Compile-time Polymorphism

The compiler decides which method to call based on the argument types provided at compile time. This is achieved through method overloading.

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Run-time Polymorphism

The decision of which method to call happens at run-time, based on the actual object type. This is achieved through method overriding.

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Overloading: Same class

Overloading methods are defined within the same class.

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Overriding: Inheritance

Overriding methods involve inheritance, where a subclass inherits a method from a superclass.

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Overloading: Different arguments

Overloaded methods must have different parameter lists, either in the number or types of arguments.

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Overriding: Same arguments

Overridden methods have the same name and parameter list as the method in the superclass.

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Superclass

The original class that provides the base structure and functionality. Other classes can inherit from the superclass.

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Subclass

A class that inherits properties and methods from a superclass. Subclasses extend the functionality of their superclasses.

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What is the purpose of a constructor in a subclass?

A constructor in a subclass initializes the inherited members from the superclass and also initializes any new members specific to the subclass. It sets the initial state of the subclass object.

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How does 'super()' work in inheritance?

The 'super()' keyword within a subclass constructor calls the constructor of the superclass. It's used to initialize the inherited members from the superclass before initializing the subclass-specific members.

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What are protected members in inheritance?

Members declared 'protected' are accessible within the same class and its subclasses, but not from entirely external classes (like from a different file). This allows for controlled inheritance and data sharing.

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What is the difference between 'protected members' and 'private members'?

'protected members' are accessible within the same class and its subclasses, but not from external classes. 'private members' are accessible only within the same class and not from subclasses or external classes. It's a more strict level of access.

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Why use inheritance?

Inheritance is used to promote code reuse, organize classes into hierarchies, and improve the maintainability and extensibility of software. It also helps to establish relationships between classes, making the software easier to understand and modify.

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Base Class

A generic class that acts as a template for other classes to inherit from.

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Generic Class

A general class that doesn't have specific implementations for functions. It serves as a blueprint.

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Specific Implementation

A concrete way a method behaves in a subclass, overriding the general base class behavior.

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Explain the concept of polymorphism using the example of a 'Polymorphism' class with subclasses 'Animal' and 'Cat'

The 'Polymorphism' class is a generic class that represents a general concept like 'sound.' Subclasses like 'Animal' and 'Cat' provide specific implementations of 'sound' (Neigh and Meow respectively). This allows for different objects to respond to the same 'sound' method in their own unique way, demonstrating polymorphism.

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How is polymorphism used in the provided example?

The example showcases runtime polymorphism: the 'sound()' method is called differently depending on the specific object (Animal or Cat) at runtime. When 'myAnimal' is an 'Animal' object it outputs 'Neigh,' but with a 'Cat' object, it outputs 'Meow.'

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Study Notes

Chapter 6: Introduction to Different Programming Techniques

  • This chapter introduces various programming techniques, focusing on Java fundamentals and object-oriented programming.
  • Key Java fundamentals covered include encapsulation, polymorphism, and inheritance.
  • The benefits of object-oriented programming are discussed.

Software Engineering and Java Programming Fundamentals

  • Objectives:
    • Discuss the object-oriented programming paradigm and its basics using Java.
    • Design and create simple GUI applications using Java.
  • Learning Outcomes:
    • Understand current theories, models, and techniques for software lifecycles.
    • Develop Java programs using object-oriented features like encapsulation, inheritance, and polymorphism.

What is Software Engineering?

  • Software engineering involves planning, designing, developing, installing, and maintaining software products.
  • Software engineers are responsible for all stages of software application development.
  • The phases of software development include requirements, design, implementation, verification, and maintenance.

Type of High-Level Languages

  • High-level languages are categorized into two types:
    • Structured programming languages: Software design follows a sequence of operations.
    • Object-oriented programming languages: Software design divides the system into objects, each having its data and required functionalities.

Structured vs. Object-Oriented Programming

  • A diagram illustrates the difference between procedure-oriented and object-oriented programming approaches.

Data Types

  • Data types identify specific types of data stored in computer memory.
  • Common data types include character, integer, float, double, and void(no value).
  • Different data types occupy varying memory sizes.

Structured vs. Object-Oriented Approaches

  • Structured programming focuses on a sequence of functions.
  • Object-oriented programming focuses on objects in the system.
  • Object-oriented programming offers data security and code reusability, advantageous for large-scale software development.

Classes

  • A class acts as a blueprint or template for creating similar objects.
  • Classes define the attributes (data) and behaviors (functions) of objects.
  • An example in College Information Management System (CIMS) demonstrates a class named "Student" to store data for 15,000 students.

Objects

  • Objects are runtime entities with both data and functions.
  • Designing systems using OOP involves modeling into objects, identifying data and functionalities for each object, and understanding relationships among objects.
  • Example: In a College Advising and Registration system, objects include advisors, students, registrars, and courses.

Keywords in Java

  • Keywords in Java, with a class called Account as an example. Instance variables are set using statements such as this.a=a;.

Creating a Class in Java

  • A Student class demonstrates creating a class with data elements like studentID, name, seat number, email, and salary along with its constructor and methods.

Creating Objects for the Class

  • Objects of a class are created from class templates.
  • Multiple objects can be created from the same class, with data variations.
  • An example demonstrates creating a Student object with specific data: ID number, name, seat number, email, and salary.

Exercise: Defining the Lecturer Class

  • Instructions to develop a Lecturer class with specific data members like ID, name, phone number, and address.
  • Constructors to initialize data members.
  • Include data on quiz upload and marking.

Inheritance and Composition

  • Diagrams illustrate inheritance ("is-a" relationship) and composition ("has-a" relationship)
  • Inheritance relationships between classes involve one class inheriting properties of another class.
  • Composition relationships describe a has-a relationship where one object contains a part of another object.

Inheritance Relationships in Classes

  • One class is a type of another class (is-a relationship), inheriting properties.
  • Example: Classes for students (Foundation and Post-Foundation) inherit properties of a general Student class.

Object-Oriented Approach for Fire Alarm System

  • Two classes, detector and alarm, are used for the fire alarm system.
  • The descriptions provide data (status, locations) and functionalities (scanning detectors, reporting fire location, determining neighbors, ringing and resetting alarms) for the classes.

Unified Modeling Language (UML) Diagrams

  • UML is a modeling language for visualizing software systems' architecture, design, and implementation using diagrams.
  • Diagrams are categorized into structural diagrams and behavioral/interaction diagrams, each providing a visual representation of aspects of the system for clarity.
  • Example diagrams like class diagrams, object diagrams, deployment diagrams, use case diagrams, activity diagrams, and sequence diagrams are mentioned.

Java Frameworks

  • Frameworks are pre-written code used to develop software by calling methods and using inheritance patterns.
  • Examples of popular Java frameworks like Spring, Hibernate, Struts, and JSF are mentioned.

Code Reusability in Java

  • Code reusability plays a key role in software development.
  • Java packages and classes, inheritance, and containment help reuse code effectively.

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Chapter 6: Introduction to Programming Techniques PDF

Description

This quiz covers various programming techniques with a focus on Java fundamentals and object-oriented programming concepts such as encapsulation, polymorphism, and inheritance. It also addresses the benefits of object-oriented programming and the principles of software engineering.

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