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Questions and Answers
What is the leading cause of death in burn victims?
What is the leading cause of death in burn victims?
Sepsis (life threatening infection)
Describe the three classifications of burns based on severity.
Describe the three classifications of burns based on severity.
- First degree - epidermal damage only (partial thickness) - localized redness, pain, mild edema (swelling) - heal in 2-3 days without special treatment; 2. Second degree - epidermal and upper dermal damage (partial thickness) - blisters appear, red and painful - healing occurs with little or no scarring in 3-4 weeks; 3. Third degree - entire thickness of skin damaged (full thickness) - gray-white, cherry red, or black - no initial edema or pain (nerve endings destroyed) - skin grafting usually necessary.
A sunburn is usually a ____________ degree burn.
A sunburn is usually a ____________ degree burn.
1st degree
What are the 4 functions of hypodermis? What is this also called?
What are the 4 functions of hypodermis? What is this also called?
What are the 3 functions of stratum corneum?
What are the 3 functions of stratum corneum?
What tissue is the reticular layer of the dermis made of?
What tissue is the reticular layer of the dermis made of?
What are the patterns of the cleavage lines?
What are the patterns of the cleavage lines?
What is known as modified apocrine glands? Where are they found?
What is known as modified apocrine glands? Where are they found?
What are the functions of the integumentary system?
What are the functions of the integumentary system?
How can hair thinning be induced? (List the factors)
How can hair thinning be induced? (List the factors)
What is true (frank) baldness? What are two treatments?
What is true (frank) baldness? What are two treatments?
What are cleavage lines and why are they important?
What are cleavage lines and why are they important?
Name the three layers of the skin and the tissue types composing each layer.
Name the three layers of the skin and the tissue types composing each layer.
Which layer is not technically a part of the skin? Where is this layer thickest and why? List the functions of this layer.
Which layer is not technically a part of the skin? Where is this layer thickest and why? List the functions of this layer.
Since epithelial tissues are avascular, how does the epidermis get nutrients?
Since epithelial tissues are avascular, how does the epidermis get nutrients?
List the cells of the epidermis, the locations of each cell, and the functions of each cell.
List the cells of the epidermis, the locations of each cell, and the functions of each cell.
Which epidermal cell type is the most numerous?
Which epidermal cell type is the most numerous?
Where do dendritic/Langerhans cells originate?
Where do dendritic/Langerhans cells originate?
Define callus.
Define callus.
Define freckle.
Define freckle.
Define pigmented nevus.
Define pigmented nevus.
Why are desmosomes important in the skin?
Why are desmosomes important in the skin?
Name and describe the layers of the epidermis from superficial to deep.
Name and describe the layers of the epidermis from superficial to deep.
Where is thick skin located?
Where is thick skin located?
The epidermal layer sometimes called the stratum germinativum is the stratum a__. The cells of this layer are mostly immature __b with some c and d.
The epidermal layer sometimes called the stratum germinativum is the stratum a__. The cells of this layer are mostly immature __b with some c and d.
What are prickle cells and why are they called this?
What are prickle cells and why are they called this?
In which epidermal layer are epidermal dendritic/Langerhans cells most abundant?
In which epidermal layer are epidermal dendritic/Langerhans cells most abundant?
In which layer are melanin granules most abundant?
In which layer are melanin granules most abundant?
Which epidermal layer is the last living layer of cells?
Which epidermal layer is the last living layer of cells?
Why do the cells of the stratum lucidum die?
Why do the cells of the stratum lucidum die?
You shed 50,000 dead skin cells every minute. Which layer is being shed? How are these dead cells replaced?
You shed 50,000 dead skin cells every minute. Which layer is being shed? How are these dead cells replaced?
Do living cells or dead cells provide the most protection from the environment?
Do living cells or dead cells provide the most protection from the environment?
While walking barefoot, Jenny stepped on a nail that penetrated the sole of her foot. Name the layers pierced from superficial skin surface to the junction with the dermis.
While walking barefoot, Jenny stepped on a nail that penetrated the sole of her foot. Name the layers pierced from superficial skin surface to the junction with the dermis.
List cells, vessels, and accessory structures found in the dermis.
List cells, vessels, and accessory structures found in the dermis.
List the layers of the dermis. Describe the tissue makeup and the functions of each layer.
List the layers of the dermis. Describe the tissue makeup and the functions of each layer.
Define dermal papillae.
Define dermal papillae.
In which layer of the dermis are Meissner's corpuscles and free nerve endings located? What are the functions of these structures?
In which layer of the dermis are Meissner's corpuscles and free nerve endings located? What are the functions of these structures?
Which layer of the dermis is responsible for producing fingerprints?
Which layer of the dermis is responsible for producing fingerprints?
What are friction ridges, where are they located, and what are their functions?
What are friction ridges, where are they located, and what are their functions?
Which dermal layer is the thickest? How is it nourished?
Which dermal layer is the thickest? How is it nourished?
Define striae and blister.
Define striae and blister.
List three pigments that contribute to skin color. Which pigment is produced in the skin?
List three pigments that contribute to skin color. Which pigment is produced in the skin?
Define a. cyanosis b. erythema c. pallor d. jaundice e. bronzing f. bruising.
Define a. cyanosis b. erythema c. pallor d. jaundice e. bronzing f. bruising.
Why does a paper cut bleed sometimes and not bleed other times?
Why does a paper cut bleed sometimes and not bleed other times?
In which layer are the appendages or accessory organs of the skin located? What is the origin of these appendages?
In which layer are the appendages or accessory organs of the skin located? What is the origin of these appendages?
What is another name for sweat glands? Where are they located? Are they merocrine or holocrine glands?
What is another name for sweat glands? Where are they located? Are they merocrine or holocrine glands?
Compare the two types of sweat glands including their A. abundance, B. location, C. secretions, and D. functions.
Compare the two types of sweat glands including their A. abundance, B. location, C. secretions, and D. functions.
The release of sweat is controlled by the _____________a nervous system and functions to prevent ___b.
The release of sweat is controlled by the _____________a nervous system and functions to prevent ___b.
List the components of sweat.
List the components of sweat.
Is the following statement true or false? 'Apocrine sweat gland secretions produce body odor.'
Is the following statement true or false? 'Apocrine sweat gland secretions produce body odor.'
When do apocrine glands begin functioning?
When do apocrine glands begin functioning?
Which two cutaneous glands are associated with hair follicles?
Which two cutaneous glands are associated with hair follicles?
After running in 90 degree weather, your face is dripping with sweat. Which glands are involved and why?
After running in 90 degree weather, your face is dripping with sweat. Which glands are involved and why?
What is cerumen? What are the functions of cerumen?
What is cerumen? What are the functions of cerumen?
Sebaceous glands are not found in thick skin. Why is absence in these regions desirable?
Sebaceous glands are not found in thick skin. Why is absence in these regions desirable?
When do sebaceous glands become active? What is acne?
When do sebaceous glands become active? What is acne?
Sebaceous glands are a___ glands because they release their secretions by b____________. Their secretions consist of __c and cell d.
Sebaceous glands are a___ glands because they release their secretions by b____________. Their secretions consist of __c and cell d.
List the functions of sebum.
List the functions of sebum.
List the functions of hair.
List the functions of hair.
What type of tissue makes up the arrector pili muscle? Where is the arrector pili muscle? List two functions of this muscle.
What type of tissue makes up the arrector pili muscle? Where is the arrector pili muscle? List two functions of this muscle.
Define a. vellus hair b. terminal hair c. hirsutism d. alopecia.
Define a. vellus hair b. terminal hair c. hirsutism d. alopecia.
How would you define a nail? What are the functions of nails? Another name for the eponychium is the a______. Another name for the hyponychium is the ___b.
How would you define a nail? What are the functions of nails? Another name for the eponychium is the a______. Another name for the hyponychium is the ___b.
List six functions of the skin.
List six functions of the skin.
Describe how the skin provides chemical, physical, and biological barriers.
Describe how the skin provides chemical, physical, and biological barriers.
Describe how the skin regulates body temperature.
Describe how the skin regulates body temperature.
List some cutaneous sensory receptors.
List some cutaneous sensory receptors.
What is the relation between the skin and Vitamin D? Why is vitamin D important?
What is the relation between the skin and Vitamin D? Why is vitamin D important?
What happens to the blood supply of the skin during vigorous exercise?
What happens to the blood supply of the skin during vigorous exercise?
List some substances eliminated through sweat.
List some substances eliminated through sweat.
A cancer arising in an epithelial tissue is termed a ___.
A cancer arising in an epithelial tissue is termed a ___.
Describe the three major types of skin cancers.
Describe the three major types of skin cancers.
Which skin cancer is the most common and least malignant?
Which skin cancer is the most common and least malignant?
Which skin cancer is the most dangerous? Why?
Which skin cancer is the most dangerous? Why?
What is the ABCD Rule and why is it important?
What is the ABCD Rule and why is it important?
What is the immediate threat to life resulting from a severe burn? What can this lead to?
What is the immediate threat to life resulting from a severe burn? What can this lead to?
How is the extent of burns estimated?
How is the extent of burns estimated?
What are the steps for treatment initiated for a severely burned patient?
What are the steps for treatment initiated for a severely burned patient?
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Study Notes
Skin Anatomy and Layers
- Cleavage lines in skin are formed by collagen fiber bundles, and incisions along these lines heal better.
- The skin has three layers:
- Epidermis: Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium.
- Dermis: Dense irregular connective tissue.
- Hypodermis: Adipose tissue; technically not part of skin, thickest in areas with high wear (e.g., palms, soles).
Epidermis
- The epidermis is avascular; it receives nutrients through diffusion from the dermis.
- Cells of the Epidermis:
- Keratinocytes: Most numerous, produce keratin, increase in friction areas.
- Melanocytes: Responsible for skin pigment, confer UV protection.
- Dendritic Cells (Langerhans Cells): Immune function; activate immune responses.
- Tactile Cells (Merkel cells): Sensory receptors at the epidermal-dermal junction.
- Stratum Basale: Contains immature keratinocytes, melanocytes, and tactile cells.
- Stratum Corneum: Outermost layer; composed of dead keratinized cells that provide protection.
Dermis Structure
- Composed of two layers:
- Papillary Layer: Areolar connective tissue, contains dermal papillae that create fingerprints and house sensory receptors.
- Reticular Layer: Dense irregular connective tissue; provides strength and elasticity, nourishing the skin through the cutaneous plexus.
- Contains fibroblasts, macrophages, nerve fibers, blood vessels, and accessory structures like hair follicles.
Skin Features
- Friction Ridges: Enhance grip and tactile sensitivity on fingertips and palms.
- Skin Color Pigments: Melanin (produced in skin), carotene, and hemoglobin.
- Skin Color Indicators: Changes such as cyanosis (bluish tint) or erythema (redness) can signal health issues or conditions.
Glandular Structures
- Sweat Glands (Sudoriferous Glands):
- Eccrine glands: Most numerous, found all over the body, crucial for thermoregulation.
- Apocrine glands: Found in specific areas (axillary, genital), activated by stress and hormones; secretions lead to body odor after bacterial decomposition.
- Sebaceous Glands: Associated with hair follicles, produce sebum, and become active at puberty.
Hair and Nails
- Hair: Provides sensory reception, protects scalp, and filters particles; arrector pili muscles regulate hair and sebum.
- Nails: Protect digit tips and aid in grasping; modified from the epidermis.
Skin Functions
- Protection: Physical barrier, prevents water loss, and acts against pathogens.
- Temperature Regulation: Through sweating and blood vessel dilation/constriction.
- Sensory Reception: Numerous receptors detect touch, temperature, and pain.
- Metabolic Functions: Vitamin D synthesis facilitates calcium absorption.
- Blood Reservoir: Skin can hold blood and release it when needed.
- Excretion: Removes waste products via sweat.
Skin Cancer Types
- Basal Cell Carcinoma: Common, least malignant, arises from stratum basale.
- Squamous Cell Carcinoma: Arises from keratinocytes, capable of metastasis.
- Melanoma: Most dangerous form, highly metastatic; identified by changes in moles following the ABCD rule (Asymmetry, Border, Color, Diameter).
Burns and Healing
- Burns classified as:
- First Degree: Affect only the epidermis (e.g., sunburn).
- Second Degree: Affect epidermis and part of the dermis, causing blisters.
- Third Degree: Damage entire thickness, often requiring grafting.
- Immediate threat from burns is fluid loss, potentially leading to dehydration and infections.
Hypodermis Functions
- Also known as superficial fascia; serves in fat storage, anchor skin, absorb shock, and insulation.
Conclusion
- The skin is a complex organ with diverse structures and functions vital for protection, sensation, and regulation in the human body.### Dense Irregular Connective Tissue
- Composed of collagen fibers which enhance strength, resilience, and hydration by binding water
- Contains elastic fibers that provide stretch and recoil capabilities
Cleavage Lines
- Patterns in skin vary by location:
- In the skin of the head and limbs, these lines run longitudinally
- In the neck and trunk, they run in circular patterns
Modified Apocrine Glands
- Ceruminous glands are a type of modified apocrine glands
- Located in the lining of the external ear canal
Functions of the Integumentary System
- Provides protection against environmental hazards
- Regulates body temperature through various mechanisms
- Facilitates cutaneous sensation, allowing for touch, pain, and temperature perception
- Performs metabolic functions, including vitamin D synthesis
- Acts as a blood reservoir, holding a significant volume of blood
- Responsible for excretion of waste products through sweat and other means
Induction of Hair Thinning
- Hair thinning can be triggered by several factors:
- Acutely high fever can impact hair growth
- Surgical procedures may lead to temporary hair loss
- Severe emotional trauma is a known contributor
- Certain drugs, including anti-depressants and anabolic steroids, may induce thinning
- Protein-deficient diets impact hair health negatively
- Lactation can also result in hair thinning
True (Frank) Baldness
- Male pattern baldness is characterized by a genetic predisposition influenced by the body's response to DHT (dihydrotestosterone), a testosterone metabolite
- Two primary treatments for this condition include:
- Minoxidil, a topical solution applied to the scalp
- Finasteride, an oral medication taken daily to prevent further hair loss
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