Chapter 5: The Skin Flashcards

Questions and Answers

What is the leading cause of death in burn victims?

Sepsis (life threatening infection)

Describe the three classifications of burns based on severity.

First degree - epidermal damage only (partial thickness) - localized redness, pain, mild edema (swelling) - heal in 2-3 days without special treatment; 2. Second degree - epidermal and upper dermal damage (partial thickness) - blisters appear, red and painful - healing occurs with little or no scarring in 3-4 weeks; 3. Third degree - entire thickness of skin damaged (full thickness) - gray-white, cherry red, or black - no initial edema or pain (nerve endings destroyed) - skin grafting usually necessary.

A sunburn is usually a ____________ degree burn.

1st degree

What are the 4 functions of hypodermis? What is this also called?

<ol> <li>Stores fat; 2. Anchors skin to underlying muscles; 3. Provides cushioning and acts as a shock absorber; 4. Provides insulation against heat loss. Also known as superficial fascia.</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

What are the 3 functions of stratum corneum?

<ol> <li>Protection from abrasion, penetration, and water loss (via keratin and thickened plasma membranes); 2. Waterproofing (via glycolipid secretions between cells); 3. Barrier against biological, chemical, and physical assault.</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

What tissue is the reticular layer of the dermis made of?

Dense irregular connective tissue Signup and view all the answers

What are the patterns of the cleavage lines?

In skin of head and limbs = Run longitudinally In skin of neck and trunk = Run in circular patterns Signup and view all the answers

What is known as modified apocrine glands? Where are they found?

Ceruminous glands, found in the lining of the external ear canal. Signup and view all the answers

What are the functions of the integumentary system?

<ol> <li>Protection; 2. Body temperature regulation; 3. Cutaneous sensation; 4. Metabolic functions; 5. Blood reservoir; 6. Excretion.</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

How can hair thinning be induced? (List the factors)

<ol> <li>Acutely high fever; 2. Surgery; 3. Severe emotional trauma; 4. Certain drugs (anti-depressants, anabolic steroids); 5. Protein-deficient diets; 6. Lactation.</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

What is true (frank) baldness? What are two treatments?

Male pattern baldness is caused by changes in follicular response to DHT (a metabolite of testosterone) and is genetically determined. Two treatments are Minoxidil (blood pressure medication applied to the scalp) and Finasteride (a pill taken daily). Signup and view all the answers

What are cleavage lines and why are they important?

Most collagen fibers run in bundles parallel to the skin surface and the separations between bundles form invisible cleavage (tension) lines. The incisions made parallel to cleavage lines heal more readily. Signup and view all the answers

Name the three layers of the skin and the tissue types composing each layer.

Epidermis - Keratinized Stratified Squamous Epithelium, Dermis - Dense Irregular Connective Tissue, Hypodermis - Adipose tissue. Signup and view all the answers

Which layer is not technically a part of the skin? Where is this layer thickest and why? List the functions of this layer.

Hypodermis; it is thickest in areas subject to wear and tear such as hands and soles of feet. Signup and view all the answers

Since epithelial tissues are avascular, how does the epidermis get nutrients?

By diffusion from the dermis. Signup and view all the answers

List the cells of the epidermis, the locations of each cell, and the functions of each cell.

<ol> <li>Keratinocytes - arise from stratum basale, produce keratin; 2. Melanocytes - in lower epidermis, produce melanin; 3. Dendritic cells - arise from bone marrow, activate immune system; 4. Tactile cells - at epidermal-dermal junction, touch receptors.</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

Which epidermal cell type is the most numerous?

Keratinocytes. Signup and view all the answers

Where do dendritic/Langerhans cells originate?

Bone marrow. Signup and view all the answers

Define callus.

Persistent friction creates thickening in the epidermis. Signup and view all the answers

Define freckle.

Concentration of melanin in one spot. Signup and view all the answers

Define pigmented nevus.

Mole. Signup and view all the answers

Why are desmosomes important in the skin?

They bind together keratinocytes. Signup and view all the answers

Name and describe the layers of the epidermis from superficial to deep.

<ol> <li>Stratum corneum; 2. Stratum lucidum; 3. Stratum granulosum; 4. Stratum spinosum; 5. Stratum basale.</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

Where is thick skin located?

Palms of hands, soles of feet, fingertips. Signup and view all the answers

The epidermal layer sometimes called the stratum germinativum is the stratum a. The cells of this layer are mostly immature b with some c and d.

a. Basale; b. Keratinocytes; c. Melanocytes; d. Tactile cells. Signup and view all the answers

What are prickle cells and why are they called this?

Keratinocytes because they appear to have spines. Signup and view all the answers

In which epidermal layer are epidermal dendritic/Langerhans cells most abundant?

Stratum spinosum. Signup and view all the answers

In which layer are melanin granules most abundant?

Stratum spinosum. Signup and view all the answers

Which epidermal layer is the last living layer of cells?

Stratum granulosum. Signup and view all the answers

Why do the cells of the stratum lucidum die?

They are unable to receive nutrients because they are too far from dermal capillaries. Signup and view all the answers

You shed 50,000 dead skin cells every minute. Which layer is being shed? How are these dead cells replaced?

Stratum corneum; they are replaced by mitosis of basal cells. Signup and view all the answers

Do living cells or dead cells provide the most protection from the environment?

Dead cells. Signup and view all the answers

While walking barefoot, Jenny stepped on a nail that penetrated the sole of her foot. Name the layers pierced from superficial skin surface to the junction with the dermis.

<ol> <li>Stratum corneum; 2. Stratum lucidum; 3. Stratum granulosum; 4. Stratum spinosum; 5. Stratum basale.</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

List cells, vessels, and accessory structures found in the dermis.

Cells: fibroblasts, macrophages, mast cells, white blood cells; Vessels: nerve fibers, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels; Accessory structures: hair follicles, arrector pili muscles, nail roots, sebaceous glands, sweat glands. Signup and view all the answers

List the layers of the dermis. Describe the tissue makeup and the functions of each layer.

Papillary - areolar connective tissue, defensive; Reticular - dense irregular connective tissue. Signup and view all the answers

Define dermal papillae.

Capillary projections from the superior surface penetrate the epidermis. Signup and view all the answers

In which layer of the dermis are Meissner's corpuscles and free nerve endings located? What are the functions of these structures?

Papillary layer of the dermis; MC - touch receptors; Nerves - pain receptors. Signup and view all the answers

Which layer of the dermis is responsible for producing fingerprints?

Papillary layer of the dermis. Signup and view all the answers

What are friction ridges, where are they located, and what are their functions?

All ridges together in the papillary layer of the dermis; they increase friction/gripping ability of fingers and feet and amplify touch. Signup and view all the answers

Which dermal layer is the thickest? How is it nourished?

Reticular layer; nourished by the cutaneous plexus. Signup and view all the answers

Define striae and blister.

Striae - silvery, white scars that result from dermal tearing (stretch marks); Blister - separation of epidermal and dermal layers by a fluid-filled pocket caused by short-term but acute trauma. Signup and view all the answers

List three pigments that contribute to skin color. Which pigment is produced in the skin?

Melanin (produced in the skin), carotene, hemoglobin. Signup and view all the answers

Define a. cyanosis b. erythema c. pallor d. jaundice e. bronzing f. bruising.

a. (blueness) - respiratory disorders; b. (redness) - embarrassment; c. (blanching) - stress; d. (yellow cast) - liver disorder; e. Addison's disease; f. (hematoma) - blood escape. Signup and view all the answers

Why does a paper cut bleed sometimes and not bleed other times?

Signup and view all the answers

In which layer are the appendages or accessory organs of the skin located? What is the origin of these appendages?

In the dermis; derivatives of the epidermis. Signup and view all the answers

What is another name for sweat glands? Where are they located? Are they merocrine or holocrine glands?

Sudoriferous glands; located over entire skin surface; merocrine. Signup and view all the answers

Compare the two types of sweat glands including their A. abundance, B. location, C. secretions, and D. functions.

Eccrine - A. more numerous; B. palms, soles, forehead; C. prevent overheating; D. thermoregulation. Apocrine - A. less numerous; B. deeper in dermis; C. sweat, lipids, proteins; D. activated by sympathetic NS. Signup and view all the answers

The release of sweat is controlled by the ___________a nervous system and functions to prevent _b.

a. sympathetic; b. overheating. Signup and view all the answers

List the components of sweat.

99% water, salts/electrolytes, Vitamin C, antibodies, metabolic wastes, dermcidin. Signup and view all the answers

Is the following statement true or false? 'Apocrine sweat gland secretions produce body odor.'

False Signup and view all the answers

When do apocrine glands begin functioning?

At puberty under androgen influence. Signup and view all the answers

Which two cutaneous glands are associated with hair follicles?

Apocrine sweat glands, sebaceous (oil) glands. Signup and view all the answers

After running in 90 degree weather, your face is dripping with sweat. Which glands are involved and why?

Eccrine sweat glands - to prevent overheating. Signup and view all the answers

What is cerumen? What are the functions of cerumen?

Secretion from sebaceous glands; traps foreign material and lubricates ear canal. Signup and view all the answers

Sebaceous glands are not found in thick skin. Why is absence in these regions desirable?

Signup and view all the answers

When do sebaceous glands become active? What is acne?

At puberty; inflammation of sebaceous glands. Signup and view all the answers

Sebaceous glands are a_ glands because they release their secretions by b________. Their secretions consist of c and cell d.

a. holocrine; b. released by cell rupture; c. lipids; d. cell fragments. Signup and view all the answers

List the functions of sebum.

Softens and lubricates hair and skin, slows water loss from skin, bactericidal. Signup and view all the answers

List the functions of hair.

Sensory reception, protects scalp from trauma, loss of heat, shields eyes, filters particles. Signup and view all the answers

What type of tissue makes up the arrector pili muscle? Where is the arrector pili muscle? List two functions of this muscle.

Smooth muscle; at the base of a hair follicle; 1. Force sebum from follicle to surface; 2. Create goosebumps. Signup and view all the answers

Define a. vellus hair b. terminal hair c. hirsutism d. alopecia.

a. Pale, fine body hair; b. Coarse, long hair; c. Excessive hairiness; d. Hair thinning. Signup and view all the answers

How would you define a nail? What are the functions of nails? Another name for the eponychium is the a____. Another name for the hyponychium is the _b.

Scalelike modifications of the epidermis; protect tips of digits, aid grasping; a. cuticle; b. quick. Signup and view all the answers

List six functions of the skin.

<ol> <li>Protection; 2. Temperature regulation; 3. Sensation; 4. Metabolic functions; 5. Blood reservoir; 6. Excretion.</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

Describe how the skin provides chemical, physical, and biological barriers.

Chemical barrier - acid mantle, defensins; Physical barrier - continuity of the skin; Biological barrier - Langerhans cells, macrophages. Signup and view all the answers

Describe how the skin regulates body temperature.

Blood vessels dilate or constrict to manage heat loss; sweat glands release sweat for evaporative cooling. Signup and view all the answers

List some cutaneous sensory receptors.

<ol> <li>Free nerve endings; 2. Meissner's corpuscles; 3. Tactile discs; 4. Pacinian corpuscles; 5. Hair follicle receptors.</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relation between the skin and Vitamin D? Why is vitamin D important?

Skin exposure to sunlight converts inactive Vitamin D to its active form, necessary for calcium absorption. Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the blood supply of the skin during vigorous exercise?

Increases. Signup and view all the answers

List some substances eliminated through sweat.

Nitrogenous wastes, water, salt. Signup and view all the answers

A cancer arising in an epithelial tissue is termed a ___.

Neoplasm. Signup and view all the answers

Describe the three major types of skin cancers.

<ol> <li>Basal Cell Carcinoma - most common; 2. Squamous Cell Carcinoma - arises from keratinocytes; 3. Melanoma - most dangerous type.</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

Which skin cancer is the most common and least malignant?

Basal Cell Carcinoma. Signup and view all the answers

Which skin cancer is the most dangerous? Why?

Melanoma; it is highly metastatic and resistant to chemotherapy. Signup and view all the answers

What is the ABCD Rule and why is it important?

A - asymmetry; B - border irregularity; C - color; D - diameter; important for early detection of melanoma. Signup and view all the answers

What is the immediate threat to life resulting from a severe burn? What can this lead to?

Loss of body fluids; can lead to dehydration and electrolyte imbalance. Signup and view all the answers

How is the extent of burns estimated?

Rule of nines. Signup and view all the answers

What are the steps for treatment initiated for a severely burned patient?

Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Skin Anatomy and Layers

Cleavage lines in skin are formed by collagen fiber bundles, and incisions along these lines heal better.
The skin has three layers:
- Epidermis: Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium.
- Dermis: Dense irregular connective tissue.
- Hypodermis: Adipose tissue; technically not part of skin, thickest in areas with high wear (e.g., palms, soles).

Epidermis

The epidermis is avascular; it receives nutrients through diffusion from the dermis.
Cells of the Epidermis:
- Keratinocytes: Most numerous, produce keratin, increase in friction areas.
- Melanocytes: Responsible for skin pigment, confer UV protection.
- Dendritic Cells (Langerhans Cells): Immune function; activate immune responses.
- Tactile Cells (Merkel cells): Sensory receptors at the epidermal-dermal junction.
Stratum Basale: Contains immature keratinocytes, melanocytes, and tactile cells.
Stratum Corneum: Outermost layer; composed of dead keratinized cells that provide protection.

Dermis Structure

Composed of two layers:
- Papillary Layer: Areolar connective tissue, contains dermal papillae that create fingerprints and house sensory receptors.
- Reticular Layer: Dense irregular connective tissue; provides strength and elasticity, nourishing the skin through the cutaneous plexus.
Contains fibroblasts, macrophages, nerve fibers, blood vessels, and accessory structures like hair follicles.

Skin Features

Friction Ridges: Enhance grip and tactile sensitivity on fingertips and palms.
Skin Color Pigments: Melanin (produced in skin), carotene, and hemoglobin.
Skin Color Indicators: Changes such as cyanosis (bluish tint) or erythema (redness) can signal health issues or conditions.

Glandular Structures

Sweat Glands (Sudoriferous Glands):
- Eccrine glands: Most numerous, found all over the body, crucial for thermoregulation.
- Apocrine glands: Found in specific areas (axillary, genital), activated by stress and hormones; secretions lead to body odor after bacterial decomposition.
Sebaceous Glands: Associated with hair follicles, produce sebum, and become active at puberty.

Hair and Nails

Hair: Provides sensory reception, protects scalp, and filters particles; arrector pili muscles regulate hair and sebum.
Nails: Protect digit tips and aid in grasping; modified from the epidermis.

Skin Functions

Protection: Physical barrier, prevents water loss, and acts against pathogens.
Temperature Regulation: Through sweating and blood vessel dilation/constriction.
Sensory Reception: Numerous receptors detect touch, temperature, and pain.
Metabolic Functions: Vitamin D synthesis facilitates calcium absorption.
Blood Reservoir: Skin can hold blood and release it when needed.
Excretion: Removes waste products via sweat.

Skin Cancer Types

Basal Cell Carcinoma: Common, least malignant, arises from stratum basale.
Squamous Cell Carcinoma: Arises from keratinocytes, capable of metastasis.
Melanoma: Most dangerous form, highly metastatic; identified by changes in moles following the ABCD rule (Asymmetry, Border, Color, Diameter).

Burns and Healing

Burns classified as:
- First Degree: Affect only the epidermis (e.g., sunburn).
- Second Degree: Affect epidermis and part of the dermis, causing blisters.
- Third Degree: Damage entire thickness, often requiring grafting.
Immediate threat from burns is fluid loss, potentially leading to dehydration and infections.

Hypodermis Functions

Also known as superficial fascia; serves in fat storage, anchor skin, absorb shock, and insulation.

Conclusion

The skin is a complex organ with diverse structures and functions vital for protection, sensation, and regulation in the human body.### Dense Irregular Connective Tissue
Composed of collagen fibers which enhance strength, resilience, and hydration by binding water
Contains elastic fibers that provide stretch and recoil capabilities

Cleavage Lines

Patterns in skin vary by location:
- In the skin of the head and limbs, these lines run longitudinally
- In the neck and trunk, they run in circular patterns

Modified Apocrine Glands

Ceruminous glands are a type of modified apocrine glands
Located in the lining of the external ear canal

Functions of the Integumentary System

Provides protection against environmental hazards
Regulates body temperature through various mechanisms
Facilitates cutaneous sensation, allowing for touch, pain, and temperature perception
Performs metabolic functions, including vitamin D synthesis
Acts as a blood reservoir, holding a significant volume of blood
Responsible for excretion of waste products through sweat and other means

Induction of Hair Thinning

Hair thinning can be triggered by several factors:
- Acutely high fever can impact hair growth
- Surgical procedures may lead to temporary hair loss
- Severe emotional trauma is a known contributor
- Certain drugs, including anti-depressants and anabolic steroids, may induce thinning
- Protein-deficient diets impact hair health negatively
- Lactation can also result in hair thinning

True (Frank) Baldness

Male pattern baldness is characterized by a genetic predisposition influenced by the body's response to DHT (dihydrotestosterone), a testosterone metabolite
Two primary treatments for this condition include:
- Minoxidil, a topical solution applied to the scalp
- Finasteride, an oral medication taken daily to prevent further hair loss

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Dive into the intricacies of the skin with these flashcards covering Chapter 5. Explore key concepts such as cleavage lines and the three layers of skin. These essential terms will enhance your understanding of skin anatomy and physiology.

Chapter 5: The Skin Flashcards

Questions and Answers

What is the leading cause of death in burn victims?

Describe the three classifications of burns based on severity.

A sunburn is usually a ____________ degree burn.

What are the 4 functions of hypodermis? What is this also called?

What are the 3 functions of stratum corneum?

What tissue is the reticular layer of the dermis made of?

What are the patterns of the cleavage lines?

What is known as modified apocrine glands? Where are they found?

What are the functions of the integumentary system?

How can hair thinning be induced? (List the factors)

What is true (frank) baldness? What are two treatments?

What are cleavage lines and why are they important?

Name the three layers of the skin and the tissue types composing each layer.

Which layer is not technically a part of the skin? Where is this layer thickest and why? List the functions of this layer.

Since epithelial tissues are avascular, how does the epidermis get nutrients?

List the cells of the epidermis, the locations of each cell, and the functions of each cell.

Which epidermal cell type is the most numerous?

Where do dendritic/Langerhans cells originate?

Define callus.

Define freckle.

Define pigmented nevus.

Why are desmosomes important in the skin?

Name and describe the layers of the epidermis from superficial to deep.

Where is thick skin located?

The epidermal layer sometimes called the stratum germinativum is the stratum a__. The cells of this layer are mostly immature __b with some c and d.

What are prickle cells and why are they called this?

In which epidermal layer are epidermal dendritic/Langerhans cells most abundant?

In which layer are melanin granules most abundant?

Which epidermal layer is the last living layer of cells?

Why do the cells of the stratum lucidum die?

You shed 50,000 dead skin cells every minute. Which layer is being shed? How are these dead cells replaced?

Do living cells or dead cells provide the most protection from the environment?

While walking barefoot, Jenny stepped on a nail that penetrated the sole of her foot. Name the layers pierced from superficial skin surface to the junction with the dermis.

List cells, vessels, and accessory structures found in the dermis.

List the layers of the dermis. Describe the tissue makeup and the functions of each layer.

Define dermal papillae.

In which layer of the dermis are Meissner's corpuscles and free nerve endings located? What are the functions of these structures?

Which layer of the dermis is responsible for producing fingerprints?

What are friction ridges, where are they located, and what are their functions?

Which dermal layer is the thickest? How is it nourished?

Define striae and blister.

List three pigments that contribute to skin color. Which pigment is produced in the skin?

Define a. cyanosis b. erythema c. pallor d. jaundice e. bronzing f. bruising.

Why does a paper cut bleed sometimes and not bleed other times?

In which layer are the appendages or accessory organs of the skin located? What is the origin of these appendages?

What is another name for sweat glands? Where are they located? Are they merocrine or holocrine glands?

Compare the two types of sweat glands including their A. abundance, B. location, C. secretions, and D. functions.

The release of sweat is controlled by the _____________a nervous system and functions to prevent ___b.

List the components of sweat.

Is the following statement true or false? 'Apocrine sweat gland secretions produce body odor.'

When do apocrine glands begin functioning?

Which two cutaneous glands are associated with hair follicles?

After running in 90 degree weather, your face is dripping with sweat. Which glands are involved and why?

What is cerumen? What are the functions of cerumen?

Sebaceous glands are not found in thick skin. Why is absence in these regions desirable?

When do sebaceous glands become active? What is acne?

Sebaceous glands are a___ glands because they release their secretions by b____________. Their secretions consist of __c and cell d.

List the functions of sebum.

List the functions of hair.

What type of tissue makes up the arrector pili muscle? Where is the arrector pili muscle? List two functions of this muscle.

Define a. vellus hair b. terminal hair c. hirsutism d. alopecia.

How would you define a nail? What are the functions of nails? Another name for the eponychium is the a______. Another name for the hyponychium is the ___b.

List six functions of the skin.

Describe how the skin provides chemical, physical, and biological barriers.

Describe how the skin regulates body temperature.

List some cutaneous sensory receptors.

What is the relation between the skin and Vitamin D? Why is vitamin D important?

What happens to the blood supply of the skin during vigorous exercise?

List some substances eliminated through sweat.

A cancer arising in an epithelial tissue is termed a ___.

Describe the three major types of skin cancers.

Which skin cancer is the most common and least malignant?

Which skin cancer is the most dangerous? Why?

What is the ABCD Rule and why is it important?

What is the immediate threat to life resulting from a severe burn? What can this lead to?

How is the extent of burns estimated?

What are the steps for treatment initiated for a severely burned patient?

Study Notes

The epidermal layer sometimes called the stratum germinativum is the stratum a. The cells of this layer are mostly immature b with some c and d.

The release of sweat is controlled by the ___________a nervous system and functions to prevent _b.

Sebaceous glands are a_ glands because they release their secretions by b________. Their secretions consist of c and cell d.

How would you define a nail? What are the functions of nails? Another name for the eponychium is the a____. Another name for the hyponychium is the _b.