Chapter 5: Data
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary focus of this chapter?

  • Software
  • People and processes
  • Hardware
  • Data (correct)

    • What are the two components of information technology that have little value without data?

  • Software and processes
  • Hardware and software (correct)
  • Processes and hardware
  • Data and people

    • What happens to data to become information?

  • It is transformed (correct)
  • It is discarded
  • It is stored
  • It is deleted

    • What is the role of technology in information systems?

    <p>To transform data into information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of new data being generated at unprecedented speeds?

    <p>New data is being generated faster than we can transform it</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three components of information technology?

    <p>Hardware, software, and data</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do you need to open a word processor, a music application, or a web browser?

    <p>Data</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is data in the context of information systems?

    <p>Raw facts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main limitation of relational databases?

    <p>They are not scalable</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of defining data types in a database?

    <p>To determine what functions can be performed with the data</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a collection of related records in a database?

    <p>File</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of a data hierarchy?

    <p>To organize data in a database</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a single unit of digital information?

    <p>Byte</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the data type for storing non-numeric data that is brief, generally under 256 characters?

    <p>Text</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the data type for storing data that cannot be entered via keyboard, such as an image or a music file?

    <p>Object</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a collection of related fields in a database?

    <p>Record</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main advantage of using a NoSQL database?

    <p>It is more scalable</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a unit of measurement to quantify computer data?

    <p>Bit</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the largest database software vendor in the world?

    <p>Oracle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the logical structure of the data items and their relationships in a database?

    <p>Data model</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of database organizes data into inter-related tables?

    <p>Relational database</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe a database that contains only one file/table, with no relationships?

    <p>Flat file database</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between a database and a spreadsheet?

    <p>A database can mix different types of data together</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most used database model today?

    <p>Relational database model</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the concept of allowing for a parent/child relationship between data?

    <p>Hierarchical database model</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the concept of not allowing multiple people to manipulate a piece of data at a time?

    <p>Record-locking</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe databases that can be spread over several servers or even across the world?

    <p>NoSQL database</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the process of connecting a spreadsheet to a specific table or query in a database?

    <p>Data connection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the estimated amount of data that will be created globally by 2025?

    <p>463 exabytes of data per day</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe large data sets that conventional data processing technologies do not have sufficient power to analyze?

    <p>Big Data</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of a database?

    <p>To store and analyze data for decision-making</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of a non-digital database?

    <p>A filing cabinet</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the software used to create, store, maintain, and access database files?

    <p>Database Management System</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of a Database Management System (DBMS)?

    <p>To provide an interface for the user to interact with the database</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of a Database Management System (DBMS)?

    <p>Microsoft Access</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe 'data about data'?

    <p>Metadata</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of aggregating data in a database?

    <p>To support reporting and analysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the collection of related information in a database?

    <p>Organized collection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of data modeling in database design?

    <p>To develop a high-level conceptual representation of the database structure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary key of the STUDENT table?

    <p>Student ID</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of defining a data type for a field?

    <p>To allocate the proper amount of storage space</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an Entity Relationship Diagram (ERD)?

    <p>A diagram that shows the relationships among tables of data</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of a foreign key in a database?

    <p>To connect to a primary key in another table</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is normalization in database design?

    <p>The process of designing a database to reduce data redundancy and ensure data integrity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of a data dictionary in database design?

    <p>To define the fields and structure of the database</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary key in a relational database?

    <p>A unique identifier for each record in the table</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the advantage of using a GRADE table in the School Database design?

    <p>It prevents data redundancy and ensures data integrity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it not suitable to use a student's name as a primary key?

    <p>Because it is not unique</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of a valuable resource?

    <p>Data that is not redundant, inconsistent, inaccurate, or fails to meet the characteristics of valuable information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the advantage of using a database approach over a file-based system?

    <p>It prevents data redundancy and inconsistencies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of defining constraints in data modeling?

    <p>To restrict data values to specific ranges</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the primary key in a table?

    <p>To uniquely identify each record in a table</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between the STUDENT and COURSE tables in the school database?

    <p>Many-to-many</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of identifying entities in data modeling?

    <p>To capture the data contained in the database</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of using non-database tools to store and manipulate business data?

    <p>Data becomes redundant, inconsistent, inaccurate, and fails to meet the characteristics of valuable information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the advantage of the School Database design?

    <p>It makes it easy to change the design without major modifications</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is a primary key important in a relational database?

    <p>To uniquely identify each record in the table</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is data a valuable resource?

    <p>Because it is used to make business decisions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary issue with redundant data in a database?

    <p>It can cause inconsistencies in the data set.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the benefit of using a database approach to control redundant data?

    <p>It ideally stores each data item in only one place.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is meant by data integrity in a database?

    <p>The consistency among the stored data.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the benefit of data sharing in a database?

    <p>It allows for more information to be produced from a given amount of data.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of a database management system (DBMS)?

    <p>To create and manage databases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of security features in a database management system?

    <p>To restrict unauthorized access to the data.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the recovery subsystem in a database management system?

    <p>To restore the database to its previous state in case of a failure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process of designing a database to reduce redundancy and ensure integrity?

    <p>Data normalization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary language used for creating and manipulating relational databases?

    <p>SQL</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the benefit of using the database approach?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of database is the most widely used?

    <p>Relational database</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the benefit of using a database approach to manage data?

    <p>It allows for data sharing, security, and recovery.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of database manipulation?

    <p>To analyze and manipulate relational data.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of using a primary key in a relational database?

    <p>To set unique identifiers for each table</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the benefit of using SQL to manipulate a database?

    <p>It is a popular language for database use.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the language used to create queries in databases?

    <p>SQL</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the benefit of using QBE (Query-by-Example)?

    <p>Generates SQL for you</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a record in a table?

    <p>Record</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of defining the data type of a field in a relational database?

    <p>To ensure data integrity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for an organized collection of related data?

    <p>Database</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a database?

    <p>An organized collection of related information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of a Data Dictionary?

    <p>To define the fields and structure of the database</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Data Integrity?

    <p>The consistency among the stored data</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a Relational Database?

    <p>A database that organizes data into one or more related tables</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of Normalization in a database?

    <p>To reduce data redundancy and ensure data integrity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Metadata?

    <p>Data that describes other data</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a NoSQL Database?

    <p>A type of database that operates using means other than relational tables</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of a Schema?

    <p>To provide an overall description of the database</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an Entity Relationship Diagram (ERD)?

    <p>A graphical representation of the relationships among data items</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Data Hierarchy?

    <p>The structure and organization of data in a database</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Data and Databases

    • Data is everywhere, and it is being generated every second of every day.
    • It is estimated that 463 exabytes of data will be created each day globally by 2025.
    • Big data refers to large data sets that conventional data processing technologies do not have sufficient power to analyze.

    Databases

    • A database is an organized collection of related information.
    • Databases are not always digital – a filing cabinet, for instance, might be considered a form of database.
    • A database management system (DBMS) is software for creating, storing, maintaining, and accessing database files.
    • Examples of DBMS include Microsoft Access, Filemaker Pro, Oracle, IBM (DB2), Sybase, Microsoft (SQL Server), and MySQL.

    Database Models

    • Databases can be organized in different ways by using different models.
    • The relational data model organizes data into inter-related tables.
    • Relational databases are easy to understand and use, and are often contrasted with a flat file database.
    • Flat File Database includes one-dimensional table of data organized in rows and columns.
    • Relational Database includes multiple tables of data that are related by a common field.

    Data Hierarchy

    • A data hierarchy is the structure and organization of data in a database.
    • A data hierarchy consists of:
      • File: a collection of related records.
      • Record: a collection of related fields.
      • Field: holds a single fact or attribute.
      • Byte: a unit of digital information.
      • Bit: a unit of measurement to quantify computer data.
    • Data types include:
      • Text
      • Number
      • Boolean
      • Date/Time
      • Currency
      • Paragraph Text
      • Object

    Designing a Database

    • The first step in database design is data modeling.
    • Data modeling includes capturing the:
      • Entities: the data contained in the database.
      • Relationships: between data items.
      • Constraints: on data.
    • A schema is developed to provide an overall description of the database.
    • A data dictionary is created to hold the metadata, defining the fields and structure of the database.
    • Normalization is an important concept in database design, which aims to:
      1. Reduce data redundancy.
      2. Ensure data integrity.### Why Databases?
    • Data is a valuable resource, but it can become redundant, inconsistent, and inaccurate if not managed properly.
    • Using non-database tools like spreadsheets can lead to unmanageable and error-prone data.
    • The database approach offers several benefits, including control of redundant data, data integrity, data sharing, security, and recovery.

    Control of Redundant Data

    • Redundant data is data that is repeated in a database, causing inconsistencies and errors.
    • The database approach aims to store each data item in only one place, minimizing redundancy.
    • Example: a student's name and major are recorded in both the registered student roster and student grade roster, making it difficult to update information.

    Data Integrity

    • Data integrity means consistency among the stored data.
    • Example: a student's grade is recorded in the student grade roster, but the student's name is not found in the registered student roster, violating data integrity.
    • Database management systems provide capabilities to define and enforce certain constraints to ensure data integrity.

    Data Sharing

    • The integration of the whole data in an organization leads to the ability to produce more information from a given amount of data.
    • Centralizing data in one database makes it easier to share and access information.

    Security and Recovery

    • Database management systems allow for restricting unauthorized access through security features that control user accounts.
    • Users may have different views of the database, and users may not need to be aware of how and where the data they refer to is stored.
    • If the computer system fails, the recovery subsystem is responsible for restoring the database to its previous state.

    Database Manipulation

    • Once a database is designed and loaded with data, Structured Query Language (SQL) is used to analyze and manipulate the data.
    • SQL is a programming language used to create and manipulate databases.
    • Examples of SQL queries include retrieving a student's major and counting the total number of students in a database.

    Database Design

    • Designing a relational database involves determining how the data is organized into tables, setting primary keys, and creating relationships among the tables.
    • Normalization is the process of designing a database to reduce redundancy and ensure data integrity.
    • The database approach allows for the control of redundant data, data integrity, data sharing, and security and recovery.

    Key Terms

    • Attribute: A record is one instance of a set of fields in a table.
    • Big Data: A broad term for data sets so large or complex that traditional data processing applications are inadequate.
    • Database: An organized collection of related information.
    • Data Dictionary: A collection of metadata that defines the fields and structure of the database.
    • Data Hierarchy: The structure and organization of data in a database.
    • Data Integrity: Consistency among the stored data.
    • Database Management Systems (DBMS): Programs that provide user-friendly interfaces to view and change a database, create queries, and develop reports.
    • Database Manipulation: The use of a programming language to modify data in a database to make it easier to view or for the purpose of decision making.
    • Data Model: The logical structure of the data items and their relationships.
    • Data Sharing: The integration of the whole data in an organization leads to the ability to produce more information from a given amount of data.
    • Data Types: The type of data stored in a field, such as text, number, or date.
    • Entities: The data contained in the database, such as students, courses, or grades.
    • Entity Relationship Diagram (ERD): A diagram that shows the relationships among the tables of data.
    • Flat File Database: A database that contains only one file/table, with no relationships.
    • Hierarchical Database Model: A database model that connects data together in a hierarchy, allowing for a parent/child relationship between data.
    • Metadata: Data that describes other data.
    • NoSQL Databases: A type of database that operates using means other than relational tables.
    • Query-by-Example (QBE): A graphical query tool that allows users to retrieve data through visualized commands.
    • Record (row): A record is one instance of a set of fields in a table.
    • Redundant Data: Data that is repeated in a database, causing inconsistencies and errors.
    • Relational Database: A database that organizes data into one or more related tables.
    • Relationships: The connections between data items, such as students getting grades in courses.
    • Scale: The ability of a database to grow and expand as the amount of data increases.
    • Schema: A detailed description of the database structure and organization.
    • Structured Query Language (SQL): A programming language used to create and manipulate databases.

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    Learn about databases, data hierarchy, and more in this chapter on data. Explore the concepts and importance of databases in data management.

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