Chapter 4 Bones Flashcards

Questions and Answers

What are the components of the Axial Skeleton?

Sternum, Rib, Coccx

Clavicle, Humerus, Stirrups

Skull, Rib, Spine

Both A and C (correct)

Which of the following is part of the Appendicular Skeleton?

Rib

Sternum

Humerus (correct)

Skull

What is a ligament?

A short band of tough, flexible, fibrous connective tissue that connects two bones or cartilages.

What is the function of tendons?

They attach muscle to bone. Signup and view all the answers

Define abduction.

Movement of a limb or another part away from the middle of the body. Signup and view all the answers

Define adduction.

Movement of a limb or another part towards the middle of the body. Signup and view all the answers

What is flexion?

The action of bending a limb or joint. Signup and view all the answers

What is extension?

Movement that brings limbs into or towards a straight condition. Signup and view all the answers

Define circumduction.

Movement in a circular direction from a central point. Signup and view all the answers

What does rotation refer to?

Movement around a central axis. Signup and view all the answers

What is pronation?

To turn downward or backward, as with the hand or foot. Signup and view all the answers

What is supination?

To turn the palm or foot upward. Signup and view all the answers

What is cartilage?

Strong, flexible connective tissue that covers the ends of bones in a joint. Signup and view all the answers

What are muscles?

Bands or bundles of fibrous tissue that can contract, producing movement. Signup and view all the answers

What is bone?

Any of the pieces of hard, whitish tissue making up the skeleton. Signup and view all the answers

What are short bones?

Bones that are as wide as they are long, providing support and stability. Signup and view all the answers

Define long bones.

Bones that are longer than they are wide, providing strength and mobility. Signup and view all the answers

What are flat bones?

Bones with a thin, flat shape providing protection or surfaces for muscle attachment. Signup and view all the answers

What are irregular bones?

Bones having an irregular shape. Signup and view all the answers

What is the epiphysis?

The wide ends of a long bone. Signup and view all the answers

Define diaphysis.

The shaft or central part of a long bone. Signup and view all the answers

What is the periosteum?

The membrane that covers most bones containing nerves and vessels. Signup and view all the answers

What is the epiphyseal plate?

A thin layer of cartilage where bone forms, also known as the growth plate. Signup and view all the answers

What is the radius?

The thicker and shorter bone in the forearm on the thumb side. Signup and view all the answers

What is the ulna?

The thinner and longer bone in the forearm on the pinky side. Signup and view all the answers

What is the humerus?

The bone of the upper arm forming joints at the shoulder and elbow. Signup and view all the answers

What is the clavicle?

Technical term for collarbone. Signup and view all the answers

What is the scapula?

Technical term for shoulder blade. Signup and view all the answers

What are carpals?

The bones in the wrist. Signup and view all the answers

What are metacarpals?

Any of the five bones of the palm. Signup and view all the answers

What are phalanges?

Any of the bones of the fingers. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Axial and Appendicular Skeleton

The axial skeleton includes the skull, sternum, ribs, spine (vertebrae), and coccyx.
The appendicular skeleton consists of the clavicle, scapula, humerus, pelvic girdle, radius, ulna, carpal, metacarpal, phalange, femur, patella, tibia, fibula, tarsal, metatarsal, and phalange.

Connective Tissues

Ligaments are tough, flexible connective tissues connecting two bones or cartilages and stabilize joints (bone to bone).
Tendons are strong, fibrous cords that connect muscles to bones, enabling limb movement (muscle to bone).

Joint Movements

Abduction is the movement of a limb away from the body's midline.
Adduction brings a limb towards the midline.
Flexion refers to the bending motion, especially at joints.
Extension involves straightening limbs back towards a straight condition.
Circumduction allows for circular movement around a central point.
Rotation is the movement around an axis, exemplified by the head's motion on the neck.
Pronation denotes turning the hand or foot downward/backward, while supination involves turning the palm or foot upward.

Bone Types and Anatomy

Cartilage is a strong, flexible tissue covering bone ends in joints and found in various body parts (nose, ears, etc.).
Bone comprises the hard tissues that create the skeleton in vertebrates.

Classification of Bones

Short bones are cube-shaped, providing support and stability with little to no movement.
Long bones, like the femur and humerus, are longer than they are wide, providing strength and mobility.
Flat bones, such as the scapula and ribs, are thin and provide protection or broad surfaces for muscle attachment.
Irregular bones have complex shapes, exemplified by the vertebrae.

Bone Structure

The epiphysis refers to the wide ends of long bones.
The diaphysis is the shaft or central part of a long bone.
The periosteum is a membrane covering most bones, containing nerves and blood vessels.
The epiphyseal plate (growth plate) is a cartilage layer between the epiphysis and diaphysis, critical for bone growth, ceasing around adolescence.

Specific Bones and Their Locations

The radius is the thicker, shorter bone on the thumb side of the forearm.
The ulna is the thinner, longer bone located on the pinky side of the forearm.
The humerus is the upper arm bone forming joints at the shoulder and elbow.
The clavicle is commonly known as the collarbone.
The scapula is referred to as the shoulder blade.
Carpals are the bones constituting the wrist.
Metacarpals are the bones forming the palm of the hand.
Phalanges are the finger bones, comprising both hands and feet.

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Description

Test your knowledge on the human skeletal system with these flashcards covering the axial and appendicular skeletons. Learn about various bones and ligaments that form the structure of the body. This quiz is perfect for students studying anatomy and related topics.