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Questions and Answers
Define: Breeding Population.
Define: Breeding Population.
A group of organisms that tend to choose mates from within the group.
Define: Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium.
Define: Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium.
An outdated mathematical statement whereby, in the absence of nonrandom mating and evolutionary forces, genotype and allele frequencies will remain the same from one generation to the next.
Define: Evolutionary Forces.
Define: Evolutionary Forces.
Four mechanisms that can cause changes in allele frequencies from one generation to the next: mutation, natural selection, genetic drift, and gene flow.
What are the four forces of evolution?
What are the four forces of evolution?
Define: Nonrandom Mating.
Define: Nonrandom Mating.
Define: Inbreeding.
Define: Inbreeding.
Define: Fitness.
Define: Fitness.
Define: Balancing Selection.
Define: Balancing Selection.
Define: Stabilizing Selection.
Define: Stabilizing Selection.
Define: Directional Selection.
Define: Directional Selection.
Define: Genetic Drift.
Define: Genetic Drift.
Define: Founder Effect.
Define: Founder Effect.
Define: Gene Flow.
Define: Gene Flow.
Define: Genotype Frequency.
Define: Genotype Frequency.
Define: Allele Frequency.
Define: Allele Frequency.
What has the greatest evolutionary effect on small populations?
What has the greatest evolutionary effect on small populations?
In what ways may a harmful allele not be eliminated from a population?
In what ways may a harmful allele not be eliminated from a population?
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Study Notes
Breeding Population
- Group of organisms that preferentially mate within their own group.
Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium
- Mathematical principle stating that in the absence of evolutionary forces, allele and genotype frequencies remain stable across generations.
Evolutionary Forces
- Four mechanisms influencing allele frequency changes:
- Mutation
- Natural selection
- Genetic drift
- Gene flow
Nonrandom Mating
- Mating patterns that affect genotype and phenotype distributions.
Inbreeding
- Occurs when related individuals mate, potentially increasing homozygosity.
Fitness
- The likelihood of an organism’s survival and ability to reproduce successfully.
Balancing Selection
- Favors heterozygotes over homozygotes, ensuring the most fit genotype.
Stabilizing Selection
- Eliminates extreme phenotypes in a continuous trait, favoring intermediate values.
Directional Selection
- Favors one extreme phenotype over the other in a continuous trait.
Genetic Drift
- Changes in allele frequencies due to random sampling effects, more pronounced in small populations.
Founder Effect
- Type of genetic drift that occurs when a new population is established by a small number of individuals, leading to reduced genetic variation.
Gene Flow
- Transfer of genetic material between populations through migration, affecting allele frequencies.
Genotype Frequency
- Relative proportion of different genotypes in a population.
Allele Frequency
- Relative proportion of various alleles present within a population.
Impact of Genetic Drift
- Genetic drift has the most significant effect on small populations, leading to potential loss of genetic variation.
Persistence of Harmful Alleles
- Harmful alleles may persist due to:
- Heterozygotes carrying the allele
- New mutations reintroducing it
- Potential beneficial effects of recessive alleles.
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