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Chapter 3: A Tour Of The Cell 3.1 Quiz
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Chapter 3: A Tour Of The Cell 3.1 Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What is the main function of the plasma membrane?

  • To separate the living cell from its surroundings (correct)
  • To synthesize proteins for the cell
  • To allow the passage of all substances in and out of the cell
  • To provide a rigid structure for the cell
  • What is the structure of the plasma membrane?

  • A double layer of phospholipids (correct)
  • A single layer of phospholipids
  • A triple layer of proteins
  • A quadruple layer of lipids and proteins
  • What is the role of the nucleolus within the nucleus?

  • To store the DNA
  • To organize the chromosomes
  • To control the entry and exit of molecules
  • To synthesize ribosomal RNA (rRNA) (correct)
  • What is the function of ribosomes?

    <p>To synthesize proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the nuclear envelope?

    <p>To enclose the nucleus and separate it from the cytoplasm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the chromatin in the nucleus?

    <p>To organize the genetic material (DNA) of the cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the nuclear envelope?

    <p>Separate the nucleus from the cytoplasm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which region of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is responsible for the production and secretion of glycoproteins?

    <p>Rough ER</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the Golgi apparatus?

    <p>Modify and package materials into transport vesicles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of lysosomes?

    <p>Digest and hydrolyze macromolecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of vacuole is found in many mature plant cells and carries organic compounds and water?

    <p>Central vacuole</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which region of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is responsible for the metabolism of carbohydrates?

    <p>Smooth ER</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the secondary cell wall in plant cells?

    <p>To provide support and maintain the shape of the cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary component of the extracellular matrix (ECM) in animal cells?

    <p>Glycoproteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of a catabolic pathway?

    <p>It releases energy by breaking down complex molecules into simpler compounds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of ATP in driving endergonic reactions in the cell?

    <p>ATP is broken down to release energy that can be used to drive endergonic reactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of plasmodesmata in plant cells?

    <p>To allow for communication and signaling between adjacent plant cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of an anabolic pathway in cells?

    <p>Protein synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of a light microscope?

    <p>To pass visible light through a specimen and magnify the image</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of microscope provides 3D images of the surface of a specimen?

    <p>Scanning electron microscope</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic feature of prokaryotic cells?

    <p>Cytoplasm bound by plasma membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cell component is correlated to its cellular function?

    <p>Organelles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why can't a light microscope be used to see organelles within cells?

    <p>Organelles are too small to be visible with a light microscope</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is the DNA located in prokaryotic cells?

    <p>In the cytoplasm, in a nucleoid region</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the Calvin cycle?

    <p>To convert carbon dioxide into organic molecules using ATP and NADPH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a by-product of the light reactions in photosynthesis?

    <p>Oxygen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of chloroplasts in photosynthesis?

    <p>To convert light energy into chemical energy stored in ATP and NADPH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the overall equation for photosynthesis?

    <p>$6CO_2 + 12H_2O + \text{Light energy} \rightarrow C_6H_{12}O_6 + 6O_2 + 6H_2O$</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where do the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis take place?

    <p>In the thylakoid membranes of the chloroplast</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do leaves appear green?

    <p>Because chlorophyll absorbs red and blue light and reflects green light</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Cell Structure and Function

    • Cell components: molecules, atoms, organelles (not non-living components)
    • Cell structure correlates with cellular function

    Microscopy

    • Light Microscope:
      • Uses visible light to magnify image
      • Cannot be used to see organelles due to size limitations
    • Bright-field Microscope:
      • Uses direct light to create image
      • Suitable for cells with natural pigmentation or artificial staining
    • Electron Microscopes:
      • Scanning Electron Microscopes (SEMs): provide 3D images of surface structures
      • Transmission Electron Microscopes (TEMs): study internal structures of cells (e.g., organelles)

    Types of Cells

    • Prokaryotic Cells (Bacteria & Archaea):
      • No nucleus
      • DNA in nucleoid region
      • No membrane-bound organelles
      • Cytoplasm bound by plasma membrane
    • Eukaryotic Cells (Protists, Fungi, Animals, & Plants):
      • Has nucleus
      • DNA in nucleus bounded by membranous nuclear envelope
      • Membrane-bound organelles
      • Cytoplasm between plasma membrane and nucleus

    Plasma Membrane

    • Boundary separating living cell from surroundings
    • Selective permeability allows passage of certain substances
    • Function: regulates exchange of oxygen, nutrients, and waste
    • Structure: double layer of phospholipids

    Phospholipids in Plasma Membrane

    • Most abundant lipid in plasma membrane
    • Amphipathic molecules (hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions)

    Fluid Mosaic Model

    • Membrane is a fluid structure with embedded proteins
    • Phospholipids can move within bilayer
    • Most lipids and some proteins can move laterally (sideways)
    • Rare vertical movement (flip-flop) across membrane

    Nucleus

    • Contains most of the DNA in eukaryotic cells
    • Ribosomes use DNA information to make proteins
    • Nuclear envelope separates nucleus from cytoplasm
    • Nuclear membrane is a double membrane with lipid bilayer
    • Pores control entry and exit of molecules from nucleus

    Nucleus Components

    • DNA organized into discrete units called chromosomes
    • Each chromosome has a single DNA molecule with proteins
    • Chromatin condenses into discrete chromosomes when cell prepares to divide
    • Nucleolus is where rRNA synthesis occurs

    Ribosomes

    • Make proteins in cytosol (free ribosomes) and on endoplasmic reticulum (bound ribosomes)
    • Particles made of rRNA and protein

    Endomembrane System

    • Biosynthesis: uses small molecules to build substances
    • Feedback mechanisms: regulate enzyme activity and strategic points in catabolic pathways
    • Photosynthesis: occurs in chloroplasts with structural organization

    Photosynthesis

    • Chloroplasts split water into hydrogen and oxygen, incorporating hydrogen into sugar molecules
    • Photosynthesis reverses the direction of electron flow
    • Redox process where water and oxygen are reduced
    • Endothermic process with energy provided by light

    Light Reactions

    • Occur in thylakoids
    • Split water and release oxygen
    • Reduce NADP+ to NADPH
    • Generate ATP from ADP by photophosphorylation

    Calvin Cycle

    • Occurs in stroma
    • Dark reaction that forms sugar from carbon dioxide using ATP and NADPH

    Chloroplasts

    • Major location for photosynthesis in leaves, particularly mesophyll tissue
    • Plasmodesmata: channels between adjacent plant cells
    • Cell wall protects plant cell, maintains shape, and prevents excessive water uptake

    ECM of Animal Cells

    • No cell wall, but covered by an extracellular matrix (ECM)
    • ECM made up of glycoproteins (collagen, proteoglycans, fibronectin)
    • Function: support, adhesion, movement, and regulation

    Metabolism

    • Chemical reactions in organisms
    • Emergent property of life resulting from interactions between molecules within the cell
    • Metabolic pathway: begins with a specific molecule and ends with a product
    • Each step catalyzed by a specific enzyme
    • Catabolic pathway: releases energy by breaking down complex molecules into simpler compounds
    • Anabolic pathway: consumes energy to build complex molecules from simpler ones

    ATP

    • Composed of ribose, adenine, and 3 phosphate groups
    • Bonds between phosphate groups can be broken by hydrolysis, releasing energy
    • Chemical reactions: exergonic (release energy) and endergonic (consume energy)
    • In cells, energy released from exergonic reactions can be used to drive endergonic reactions

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    Test your knowledge on cell components and the structure-function correlation in cells. Learn about molecules, atoms, macromolecules, and microscopy techniques like light microscopes.

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