Chapter 25 Flashcards

Questions and Answers

The mechanism that establishes the medullary osmotic gradient depends most on the permeability properties of the ______.

Distal convoluted tubule

Collecting duct

Glomerular filtration membrane

Loop of Henle (correct)

Urine passes through the ______.

Glomerulus to ureter to renal tubule

Pelvis of the kidney to ureter to bladder to urethra (correct)

Renal hilum to the bladder to the ureter

Hilum to urethra to bladder

Which of the following is not associated with the renal corpuscle?

A vasa recta (correct)

A fenestrated capillary

A podocyte

An efferent arteriole

An increase in the permeability of the cells of the collecting tubule to water is due to a(n) ______.

Increase in the production of ADH Signup and view all the answers

The urinary bladder is composed of ________ epithelium.

Transitional Signup and view all the answers

The kidneys are stimulated to produce renin ________.

By a decrease in the blood pressure Signup and view all the answers

Which of the choices below is not a function of the urinary system?

Eliminates solid, undigested wastes and excretes carbon dioxide, water, salts, and heat Signup and view all the answers

Which gland sits atop each kidney?

adrenal Signup and view all the answers

The ________ artery lies on the boundary between the cortex and medulla of the kidney.

Arcuate Signup and view all the answers

The glomerulus differs from other capillaries in the body in that it ________.

Is drained by an efferent arteriole Signup and view all the answers

The descending limb of the loop of Henle ________.

Contains fluid that becomes more concentrated as it moves down into the medulla Signup and view all the answers

Select the correct statement about the ureters.

The ureters are capable of peristalsis like that of the gastrointestinal tract. Signup and view all the answers

The fatty tissue surrounding the kidneys is important because it ________.

Stabilizes the position of the kidneys by holding them in their normal position Signup and view all the answers

The renal corpuscle is made up of ________.

Bowman's capsule and glomerulus Signup and view all the answers

The functional and structural unit of the kidneys is the ________.

Nephron Signup and view all the answers

The juxtaglomerular apparatus is responsible for ________.

Regulating the rate of filtrate formation and controlling systemic blood pressure Signup and view all the answers

The chief force pushing water and solutes out of the blood across the filtration membrane is ________.

Glomerular hydrostatic pressure (glomerular blood pressure) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements describes the histology of the ureters?

They are trilayered (mucosa, muscularis, and adventitia). Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is a false or incorrect statement?

The male urethra serves both the urinary and reproductive systems at the same time. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following acts as the trigger for the initiation of micturition (voiding)?

The stretching of the bladder wall Signup and view all the answers

The filtration membrane includes all except ________.

Renal fascia Signup and view all the answers

The mechanism of water reabsorption by the renal tubules is ________.

Osmosis Signup and view all the answers

Most electrolyte reabsorption by the renal tubules is ________.

Not Tm limited Signup and view all the answers

The macula densa cells respond to ________.

Changes in solute content of the filtrate Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is not reabsorbed by the proximal convoluted tubule?

Creatinine Signup and view all the answers

The fluid in the glomerular (Bowman's) capsule is similar to plasma except that it does not contain a significant amount of ________.

Plasma protein Signup and view all the answers

Alcohol acts as a diuretic because it ________.

Inhibits the release of ADH Signup and view all the answers

The function of angiotensin II is to ________.

Constrict arterioles and increase blood pressure Signup and view all the answers

A disease caused by inadequate secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) by the pituitary gland with symptoms of polyuria is ________.

Diabetes insipidus Signup and view all the answers

An important characteristic of urine is its specific gravity or density, which is ________.

1.001-1.035 Signup and view all the answers

Place the following in correct sequence from the formation of a drop of urine to its elimination from the body.

3, 6, 2, 1, 5, 4 Signup and view all the answers

Select the correct statement about the nephrons.

The parietal layer of the glomerular capsule is simple squamous epithelium. Signup and view all the answers

What would happen if the capsular hydrostatic pressure were increased above normal?

Net filtration would decrease. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is not a part of the juxtaglomerular apparatus?

Podocyte cells Signup and view all the answers

Tubular reabsorption ________.

By active mechanisms usually involves movement against an electrical and/or chemical gradient Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is not a reason why substances are either not reabsorbed or are incompletely reabsorbed from the nephron?

They are extremely complex molecules. Signup and view all the answers

Reabsorption of high levels of glucose and amino acids in the filtrate is accomplished by ________.

Secondary active transport Signup and view all the answers

Which of the choices below is a function of the loop of Henle?

Form a large volume of very dilute urine or a small volume of very concentrated urine Signup and view all the answers

Fetal kidneys do not have to work very hard because ________.

The placenta allows the mother's urinary system to clear the waste from fetal blood Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes kidney function in older adults (70 years or older)?

Kidney function decreases due to kidney atrophy. Signup and view all the answers

The factor favoring filtrate formation at the glomerulus is the ________.

Glomerular hydrostatic pressure Signup and view all the answers

If the Tm for a particular amino acid is 120 mg/100 ml and the concentration of that amino acid in the blood is 230 mg/100 ml, the amino acid will ________.

Appear in the urine Signup and view all the answers

If one says that the clearance value of glucose is zero, what does this mean?

Normally all the glucose is reabsorbed. Signup and view all the answers

Excretion of dilute urine requires ________.

Impermeability of the collecting tubule to water Signup and view all the answers

Which of the choices below is not a method by which the cells of the renal tubules can raise blood pH?

By secreting sodium ions Signup and view all the answers

In the ascending limb of the loop of Henle the ________.

Thick segment moves ions out into interstitial spaces for reabsorption Signup and view all the answers

Select the correct statement about urinary system development.

Kidneys develop from urogenital ridges. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the choices below does not describe the importance of tubular secretion?

Ridding the body of bicarbonate ions Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is correct?

Reabsorption of water is hormonally controlled. Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the juxtaglomerular apparatus?

Help regulate blood pressure and the rate of blood filtration by the kidneys Signup and view all the answers

Which of the choices below is the salt level-monitoring part of the nephron?

Macula densa Signup and view all the answers

Which of the hormones below is responsible for facultative water reabsorption?

ADH Signup and view all the answers

Which of the choices below is not a glomerular filtration rate control method?

Electrolyte levels Signup and view all the answers

Which of the choices below are the most important hormone regulators of electrolyte reabsorption and secretion?

Angiotensin II and aldosterone Signup and view all the answers

Which cells of the kidney are chemoreceptors that respond to changes in solute content of the filtrate?

Macula densa cells Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Renal Physiology and Structures

The Loop of Henle is essential for establishing the medullary osmotic gradient.
Urine flows from the pelvis of the kidney to the ureter, bladder, and urinary tract.
The renal corpuscle includes Bowman's capsule and glomerulus, while vasa recta is not associated with it.
An increase in ADH production enhances water permeability in the collecting tubules.

Urinary System Functions

The urinary system maintains homeostasis by regulating blood composition, volume, and pressure.
The urinary bladder consists of transitional epithelium, allowing for stretching.
The kidneys produce renin when blood pressure decreases, initiating the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system.

Kidney Anatomy and Blood Supply

Each kidney is topped by an adrenal gland.
The arcuate artery lies between the kidney's cortex and medulla, while the glomerulus is drained by an efferent arteriole.

Filtration and Reabsorption

Glomerular filtration is driven by glomerular hydrostatic pressure.
The descending limb of the Loop of Henle allows fluid concentration as it descends into the medulla.
Osmosis is the primary method of water reabsorption in renal tubules.
Most electrolyte reabsorption occurs and is hormonally controlled in the distal tubule segments.

Hormonal Regulation

ADH is crucial for facultative water reabsorption.
Changes in solute content stimulate macula densa cells within the nephron to regulate kidney filtration rates.
Angiotensin II and aldosterone are key hormones in managing electrolyte reabsorption and secretion.

Pathway of Urine Formation

Sequence from nephron to elimination: nephron, collecting duct, minor calyx, major calyx, ureter, urethra.
Alcohol inhibits ADH release, increasing urine output.

Kidney Development and Aging

Kidneys develop from urogenital ridges during embryonic development.
Kidney function decreases in older adults due to kidney atrophy and related age changes.

Key Concepts in Filtration and Secretion

Tubular secretion is vital for disposing of non-filtrate substances like drugs and excess ions.
An increased capsular hydrostatic pressure decreases net filtration at the glomerulus.
The clearance value of substances such as glucose indicates effective reabsorption; a zero clearance value means complete reabsorption.

Urinary Tract Disorders

Diabetes insipidus arises from inadequate ADH secretion, causing excessive urine output.
Various substances, such as creatinine and bicarbonate, are involved in urine composition and pH adjustments.

Important Notes on Ureter Structure

Ureters consist of three layers: mucosa, muscularis, and adventitia, facilitating urine transport through peristalsis.

Miscellaneous Facts

Specific gravity of urine typically ranges from 1.001 to 1.035.
The mechanism of filtration primarily relies on the osmotic properties and concentration gradients established within renal tissue.

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Description

This quiz focuses on key concepts from Chapter 25, including the function of the Loop of Henle and the pathway of urine. Test your understanding of renal physiology and the mechanisms involved in kidney function. Ideal for students preparing for exams in anatomy and physiology.