Questions and Answers
The mechanism that establishes the medullary osmotic gradient depends most on the permeability properties of the ______.
Urine passes through the ______.
Which of the following is not associated with the renal corpuscle?
An increase in the permeability of the cells of the collecting tubule to water is due to a(n) ______.
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The urinary bladder is composed of ________ epithelium.
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The kidneys are stimulated to produce renin ________.
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Which of the choices below is not a function of the urinary system?
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Which gland sits atop each kidney?
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The ________ artery lies on the boundary between the cortex and medulla of the kidney.
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The glomerulus differs from other capillaries in the body in that it ________.
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The descending limb of the loop of Henle ________.
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Select the correct statement about the ureters.
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The fatty tissue surrounding the kidneys is important because it ________.
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The renal corpuscle is made up of ________.
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The functional and structural unit of the kidneys is the ________.
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The juxtaglomerular apparatus is responsible for ________.
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The chief force pushing water and solutes out of the blood across the filtration membrane is ________.
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Which of the following statements describes the histology of the ureters?
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Which of the following statements is a false or incorrect statement?
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Which of the following acts as the trigger for the initiation of micturition (voiding)?
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The filtration membrane includes all except ________.
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The mechanism of water reabsorption by the renal tubules is ________.
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Most electrolyte reabsorption by the renal tubules is ________.
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The macula densa cells respond to ________.
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Which of the following is not reabsorbed by the proximal convoluted tubule?
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The fluid in the glomerular (Bowman's) capsule is similar to plasma except that it does not contain a significant amount of ________.
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Alcohol acts as a diuretic because it ________.
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The function of angiotensin II is to ________.
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A disease caused by inadequate secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) by the pituitary gland with symptoms of polyuria is ________.
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An important characteristic of urine is its specific gravity or density, which is ________.
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Place the following in correct sequence from the formation of a drop of urine to its elimination from the body.
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Select the correct statement about the nephrons.
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What would happen if the capsular hydrostatic pressure were increased above normal?
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Which of the following is not a part of the juxtaglomerular apparatus?
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Tubular reabsorption ________.
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Which of the following is not a reason why substances are either not reabsorbed or are incompletely reabsorbed from the nephron?
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Reabsorption of high levels of glucose and amino acids in the filtrate is accomplished by ________.
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Which of the choices below is a function of the loop of Henle?
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Fetal kidneys do not have to work very hard because ________.
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Which of the following best describes kidney function in older adults (70 years or older)?
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The factor favoring filtrate formation at the glomerulus is the ________.
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If the Tm for a particular amino acid is 120 mg/100 ml and the concentration of that amino acid in the blood is 230 mg/100 ml, the amino acid will ________.
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If one says that the clearance value of glucose is zero, what does this mean?
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Excretion of dilute urine requires ________.
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Which of the choices below is not a method by which the cells of the renal tubules can raise blood pH?
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In the ascending limb of the loop of Henle the ________.
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Select the correct statement about urinary system development.
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Which of the choices below does not describe the importance of tubular secretion?
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Which statement is correct?
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What is the function of the juxtaglomerular apparatus?
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Which of the choices below is the salt level-monitoring part of the nephron?
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Which of the hormones below is responsible for facultative water reabsorption?
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Which of the choices below is not a glomerular filtration rate control method?
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Which of the choices below are the most important hormone regulators of electrolyte reabsorption and secretion?
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Which cells of the kidney are chemoreceptors that respond to changes in solute content of the filtrate?
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Study Notes
Renal Physiology and Structures
- The Loop of Henle is essential for establishing the medullary osmotic gradient.
- Urine flows from the pelvis of the kidney to the ureter, bladder, and urinary tract.
- The renal corpuscle includes Bowman's capsule and glomerulus, while vasa recta is not associated with it.
- An increase in ADH production enhances water permeability in the collecting tubules.
Urinary System Functions
- The urinary system maintains homeostasis by regulating blood composition, volume, and pressure.
- The urinary bladder consists of transitional epithelium, allowing for stretching.
- The kidneys produce renin when blood pressure decreases, initiating the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system.
Kidney Anatomy and Blood Supply
- Each kidney is topped by an adrenal gland.
- The arcuate artery lies between the kidney's cortex and medulla, while the glomerulus is drained by an efferent arteriole.
Filtration and Reabsorption
- Glomerular filtration is driven by glomerular hydrostatic pressure.
- The descending limb of the Loop of Henle allows fluid concentration as it descends into the medulla.
- Osmosis is the primary method of water reabsorption in renal tubules.
- Most electrolyte reabsorption occurs and is hormonally controlled in the distal tubule segments.
Hormonal Regulation
- ADH is crucial for facultative water reabsorption.
- Changes in solute content stimulate macula densa cells within the nephron to regulate kidney filtration rates.
- Angiotensin II and aldosterone are key hormones in managing electrolyte reabsorption and secretion.
Pathway of Urine Formation
- Sequence from nephron to elimination: nephron, collecting duct, minor calyx, major calyx, ureter, urethra.
- Alcohol inhibits ADH release, increasing urine output.
Kidney Development and Aging
- Kidneys develop from urogenital ridges during embryonic development.
- Kidney function decreases in older adults due to kidney atrophy and related age changes.
Key Concepts in Filtration and Secretion
- Tubular secretion is vital for disposing of non-filtrate substances like drugs and excess ions.
- An increased capsular hydrostatic pressure decreases net filtration at the glomerulus.
- The clearance value of substances such as glucose indicates effective reabsorption; a zero clearance value means complete reabsorption.
Urinary Tract Disorders
- Diabetes insipidus arises from inadequate ADH secretion, causing excessive urine output.
- Various substances, such as creatinine and bicarbonate, are involved in urine composition and pH adjustments.
Important Notes on Ureter Structure
- Ureters consist of three layers: mucosa, muscularis, and adventitia, facilitating urine transport through peristalsis.
Miscellaneous Facts
- Specific gravity of urine typically ranges from 1.001 to 1.035.
- The mechanism of filtration primarily relies on the osmotic properties and concentration gradients established within renal tissue.
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Description
This quiz focuses on key concepts from Chapter 25, including the function of the Loop of Henle and the pathway of urine. Test your understanding of renal physiology and the mechanisms involved in kidney function. Ideal for students preparing for exams in anatomy and physiology.