40 Questions
What effect does progesterone have in the breast?
Stimulates development of lobules and alveoli
Which condition is characterized by absence of menstrual periods?
Amenorrhea
What is the most common cause of secondary amenorrhea?
Pregnancy
What is the rule for anovulatory cycles in women?
Common in some infertile women
What hormone has been associated with symptomatic relief in the premenstrual syndrome?
Fluoxetine
What hormone plays a role in causing the symptoms of dysmenorrhea?
Prostaglandins
Which event usually occurs in the ampulla of the uterine tube?
Fertilization
What does metrorrhagia refer to?
Bleeding between periods
What determines the differentiation of the primitive gonads into testes or ovaries in utero?
Genetic determination
What is necessary for the formation of male genitalia?
Presence of a functional, secreting testis
What causes male sexual behavior in some species?
Male hormones on the brain in early development
What activates the gonads in adolescence?
Gonadotropins from the anterior pituitary
What causes the appearance of adult features and the onset of the sexual cycle in females?
Hormones secreted by the gonads
What happens to ovarian function in human females after a number of years?
It regresses
What happens to gonadal function in males with advancing age?
It slowly declines
What is the result of the presence of testicular tissue in utero?
Development is male
What is the role of estrogen in the uterus?
Promotes hypertrophy
What is the effect of estrogen therapy discontinuation?
Causes withdrawal bleeding
Which hormone is indicated as a risk factor for endometrial cancer?
Estrogen
What does estrogen do to breast growth in girls at puberty?
Causes breast enlargement
What effects does progesterone have on myometrial cells?
Reduces spontaneous electrical activity
What is the primary target organ of progesterone among the following?
Uterus
Which organ becomes more active under the influence of estrogen?
Uterus
What is the consequence of estrogen dominance on the uterus's sensitivity to oxytocin?
Increases sensitivity
What is responsible for the inactivation of one of the two X chromosomes in somatic cells of normal females?
The X-inactivation center
How is the selection of which X chromosome remains active determined in normal females?
Randomly
What happens to gonads in both male and female mammals until they are activated by gonadotropins from the pituitary gland?
They become quiescent
What is the period of final maturation of the reproductive system known as?
Puberty
What inducer is likely responsible for the inactivation process in the X-inactivation center during embryonic development?
CTCF
Which cells in adult females may contain an active X chromosome of paternal or maternal origin?
Somatic cells
What is the function of Leydig cells after a burst of testosterone secretion in male fetuses?
They become quiescent
What causes the activation of gonads in both sexes to bring about final maturation of the reproductive system?
Gonadotropins from the pituitary
What is the function of endometrial prolactin late in the luteal phase?
Unknown
What causes the vaginal epithelium to become cornified?
Estrogen
What is the role of progesterone in the proliferation of the vaginal epithelium?
Promoting growth and proliferation
What causes the cyclical changes in the breasts during the menstrual cycle?
Estrogens
What hormone is considered thermogenic and responsible for the rise in basal body temperature after ovulation?
Progesterone
Why do women experience breast swelling, tenderness, and pain before menstruation?
Distention of ducts, hyperemia, and edema
Which symptom is NOT associated with menopause?
Breast swelling
What is considered a reliable indicator of the time of ovulation?
Basal body temperature change
Learn about the differentiation of primitive gonads into ovaries or testes in utero and the genetic factors that determine the development of male and female reproductive systems. Explore how modern genetics and experimental embryology have provided insights into the differences between male and female mammals.
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