Questions and Answers
What are the four orders of living reptiles?
Crocodylia, Squamata, Chelonian, Rhynococephalia
What are the three orders of amphibians?
Gymnophionia, Anura, Caudata
Define ectothermic.
Ectothermic animals are unable to generate body heat internally and depend on environmental temperatures.
What is a 'preferred optimal temperature zone'?
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How does an exothermic animal maintain their body temperatures?
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Ecdysis in reptiles is under the control of what hormone?
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What is a 'drink patch'?
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What reptiles have a tapetum?
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How many cardiac chambers do non-crocodilian reptiles & amphibians have?
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Right-to-left cardiac shunting serves what function in reptiles?
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What is the main difference between a heterophil & a neutrophil?
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What is the function of a lymph heart?
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Which reptiles have complete cartilaginous tracheal rings?
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Where does gas exchange take place in the reptilian lung?
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Study Notes
Orders of Living Reptiles
- The class Reptilia comprises four orders:
- Crocodylia (alligators & crocodiles)
- Squamata (snakes & lizards)
- Chelonian (turtles & tortoises)
- Rhynococephalia (tuataras)
Orders of Amphibians
- The class Amphibia is categorized into three orders:
- Gymnophionia (caecilians)
- Anura (frogs & toads)
- Caudata (salamanders & newts)
Ectothermic Definition
- Ectothermic, or cold-blooded, animals like amphibians and reptiles cannot internally generate body heat; their temperature relies on environmental conditions.
Preferred Optimal Temperature Zone (POTZ)
- POTZ refers to the temperature range in which ectotherms can effectively thermoregulate and perform essential metabolic functions.
- Inadequate thermal gradients can lead to digestive issues, immunosuppression, or energy deficits in herptiles.
Behavioral Thermoregulation
- Ectothermic animals utilize behavioral thermoregulation to maintain optimum body temperature by moving within their habitat's thermal gradient.
- Behaviors include basking in sun to warm up, seeking shade to cool down, and altering body posture to minimize heat loss.
Ecdysis Control
- Ecdysis (shedding of skin) in reptiles is regulated by thyroid hormone.
Drink Patch in Amphibians
- A "drink patch" is a highly permeable skin area, typically found on the ventral surfaces, allowing amphibians to absorb necessary water directly from the environment, negating the need for drinking.
Tapetum in Reptiles
- Crocodilians possess a specialized structure known as the tapetum, enhancing their night vision.
Cardiac Chambers in Amphibians and Reptiles
- Most amphibians and reptiles have a three-chambered heart (two atria and one common ventricle), allowing for separation of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood.
- Crocodilians uniquely possess four-chambered hearts.
Right-to-Left Cardiac Shunting
- This mechanism allows reptiles to endure low oxygen conditions, such as diving or during large prey consumption, by increasing pulmonary vascular resistance.
Difference Between Heterophils and Neutrophils
- Heterophils lack enzymes (periodase and acid phosphatase) that are found in neutrophils, affecting their role in necrotic material breakdown.
Function of Lymph Heart
- Lymph hearts are muscular areas within lymph vessels that actively pump lymph through the circulatory system, leading to potential contamination in blood samples during venipuncture.
Cartilaginous Tracheal Rings in Reptiles
- Chelonians (turtles and tortoises) are characterized by having complete cartilaginous tracheal rings.
Gas Exchange in Reptilian Lungs
- The reptilian lung features a honeycomb structure with areas called faveoli, where the gas exchange occurs, distinct from mammalian alveoli.
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Description
Test your knowledge on amphibians and reptiles with this comprehensive flashcard review. Dive into the different orders of living reptiles and amphibians, and enhance your understanding of their classifications. Perfect for students studying animal anatomy and physiology.
