Chapter 2: WAN Concepts - CCNA Routing
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary purpose of a WAN?

  • To interconnect multiple LANs over large distances (correct)
  • To serve as a local connection for remote users
  • To manage individual device communications
  • To connect devices within the same geographic location

    • Who typically owns a WAN?

  • Non-profit organizations
  • A service provider (correct)
  • An individual organization
  • Local government authorities

    • Which statement describes the necessity of WANs?

  • WANs are primarily used for connecting mobile devices.
  • WANs are only useful for large organizations.
  • WANs allow for isolated communication within LANs.
  • WANs enable communication between geographically separated sites. (correct)

    • What must an organization do to utilize a WAN service?

    <p>Pay a fee to the WAN service provider</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of the Point-to-Point WAN topology?

    <p>It operates a single circuit between two endpoints.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a commonly cited reason for using WANs?

    <p>Allowing local devices to connect without cables</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of connection typically represents a dedicated leased-line in WANs?

    <p>T1/E1 lines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why would organizations need WANs as they expand?

    <p>To connect central sites with remote offices seamlessly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of connection do branch offices in nearby cities use for their WAN?

    <p>Dedicated leased lines through local service providers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which OSI layers are primarily focused on in WAN operations?

    <p>Physical and Data Link layers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What must the WAN provide to remote sites as the company grows?

    <p>Converged services and secure Internet connectivity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How has SPAN Engineering aimed to increase profitability in their network management?

    <p>By reducing operating expenses related to network services</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What kind of WAN connection must offices located in other countries utilize?

    <p>Internet for their WAN connection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the Data Service Unit (DSU)?

    <p>To convert line frames for LAN interpretation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following accurately describes circuit-switched networks?

    <p>A dedicated circuit is established before communication.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In circuit-switched technology, what must occur before users can communicate?

    <p>A dedicated connection must be established.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of packet-switched networks?

    <p>Data is split into packets and shared over a network.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does connectionless packet switching operate?

    <p>Each packet carries its own addressing information.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of circuit-switched technology?

    <p>Dialing a number to make a call</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a type of circuit-switched WAN technology?

    <p>Frame Relay</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a core router or multilayer switch do?

    <p>Provides WAN access interface ports for service provider connectivity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one disadvantage of the hub-and-spoke topology?

    <p>All communication must go through the hub</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which topology allows any site to communicate directly with any other site?

    <p>Full Mesh</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a critical disadvantage of implementing a full mesh topology?

    <p>Involves a large number of virtual circuits to manage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one characteristic of dual-homed topology?

    <p>More expensive and complex to implement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In terms of network efficiency, what do businesses typically focus on during economic downturns?

    <p>Increasing profitability by improving operations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is often expected from networks to justify large expenses?

    <p>To perform optimally and support diverse services</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the dual-homed topology relate to load balancing?

    <p>It provides redundancy and supports load balancing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the hub-and-spoke topology facilitate among spoke sites?

    <p>Interconnection through virtual circuits at the hub</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organization is NOT mentioned as responsible for defining and managing WAN access standards?

    <p>W3C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Layer 2 protocol primarily define?

    <p>Data encapsulation and frame transfer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes Customer Premises Equipment (CPE)?

    <p>Devices and wiring on the enterprise edge connecting to a carrier</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of Data Communications Equipment (DCE)?

    <p>Provides an interface to connect subscribers to a communication link</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a key difference between WAN and LAN?

    <p>WANs necessitate a service provider subscription for network access</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Data Terminal Equipment (DTE) refer to?

    <p>Customer devices that send data for transmission over the WAN</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component primarily interfaces with the local loop in a WAN environment?

    <p>Data Communications Equipment (DCE)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes a common terminology associated with WAN connections?

    <p>Circuit-terminating equipment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A WAN is typically owned by an organization.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Organizations must pay a fee to utilize WAN service provider networks.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    WANs are only used for transmitting voice data.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Point-to-Point topology employs a circuit between multiple endpoints.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Without WANs, LANs would be interconnected networks.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    T1/E1 lines are examples of dedicated leased-line connections typically used in WANs.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Employees traveling for business do not need access to the corporate network via WANs.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    One of the main purposes of WANs is to communicate between geographically separated sites.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The branch offices that are in nearby cities use public dedicated lines through their local service provider.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Offices located in other countries utilize a secure private network for their WAN connection.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    WAN operations primarily focus on the physical and network layer of the OSI Model.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Circuit switching requires a dedicated circuit established before communication can begin.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Packet switching establishes a dedicated connection between nodes before data can be sent.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    To reduce operating expenses, SPAN Engineering needs to provide converged service and secure Internet WAN connectivity.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The network requirements of a company can remain constant as the company grows over time.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) is a commonly cited type of packet-switched WAN technology.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Connectionless systems require full addressing information to be included in each packet.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Dialing a number to make a call exemplifies packet switching technology.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The two most common types of circuit-switched WAN technologies are PSTN and ISDN.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Data Service Unit (DSU) converts WAN frames into packet-switched formats.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A core router resides within the backbone of a WAN.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    WAN access standards are managed by organizations such as TIA/EIA and ISO.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Layer 1 protocols focus on how data is encapsulated for transmission.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Customer Premises Equipment (CPE) is found on the service provider's end of a WAN connection.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Data Communications Equipment (DCE) consists of devices that connect customers to local loops.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Data Terminal Equipment (DTE) is responsible for transmitting data from a WAN to the internet.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A company needs to subscribe to a WAN service provider to use WAN services.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    DCE is often referred to as a type of customer device in the WAN.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    WAN connections utilize both Layer 1 and Layer 2 protocols for data transmission.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Central Office (CO) connects customer equipment directly to the public telephone network.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A CSU/DSU is necessary for digital-leased lines to maintain signal integrity.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Broadband modems utilize lower frequencies than voiceband modems.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Dialup modems are modern WAN technology used primarily for high-speed internet access.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The local loop is the fiber cable connecting the Central Office to the customer premises.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Toll networks consist of short-distance analog lines used for communication.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Access servers coordinate communications for both dial-in and dial-out users.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Customer Premises Equipment (CPE) includes devices used solely for service provider maintenance.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following WAN purposes with their descriptions:

    <p>Interconnecting remote LANs = Allows branch sites to communicate with the central site Data transport = Facilitates the movement of data, voice, and video Access for traveling employees = Enables remote access to corporate networks Communication with customer organizations = Allows sharing of information with external entities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following WAN topologies with their characteristics:

    <p>Point-to-Point = Dedicated leased-line between two endpoints Hub-and-Spoke = Central hub connects multiple spoke sites Full Mesh = Every site connects directly to every other site Dual-Homed = Two connections for redundancy and load balancing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following WAN connection types with their descriptions:

    <p>Private dedicated lines = Used by branch offices in nearby cities Internet = Used by offices located in other countries Leased lines = Provide dedicated circuits for remote connectivity Converged service = Combines multiple types of network traffic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following WAN technologies with their corresponding service:

    <p>T1/E1 = Dedicated leased-line connection Frame Relay = Packet-switched WAN technology MPLS = Path-based packet forwarding technology DSL = Digital subscriber line technology for broadband access</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following WAN operations with their primary focus areas:

    <p>Physical layer = Ensures transmission of raw bitstreams over the medium Data link layer = Involves addressing and flow control Network layer = Responsible for routing data between devices Transport layer = Manages end-to-end communication between applications</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms related to WAN with their definitions:

    <p>CPE = Customer Premises Equipment at the location DTE = Data Terminal Equipment interfacing with the network DCE = Data Communications Equipment connecting to the WAN Local loop = Connection linking customer premises to the service provider</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following benefits of WANs with their related features:

    <p>Cost reduction = Utilizing secure Internet for remote connections Increased accessibility = Employees can connect from various locations Scalability = Supports business growth through flexible infrastructure Data sharing = Allows centralized access to databases and servers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following aspects of WAN ownership with their implications:

    <p>WAN ownership = Owned by service providers LAN ownership = Typically owned by organizations Usage fee = Organizations pay for WAN services Service provider responsibilities = Providing interconnection for remote sites</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following statements about SPAN Engineering with their implications:

    <p>Thousands of employees = Indicates a need for effective WAN solutions High network costs = Pressure to find more affordable operating methods 20 years in business = Reflects stability and experience in the industry Growing remote sites = A requirement for robust WAN connectivity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following WAN characteristics with their definitions:

    <p>Encapsulation = The process of wrapping data with protocol information Flow control = Manages the rate of data transmission between devices Physical addressing = Unique identifiers for devices on the network Latency = The time delay in transmitting data across the network</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following benefits of WAN with their impacts:

    <p>Greater communication = Facilitates sharing between geographically separated sites Increased efficiency = Allows streamlined access to corporate data Improved customer engagement = Enables consumer communication with service providers Business expansion support = Accommodates growth by connecting numerous locations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following statements about WANs with their significance:

    <p>Isolated networks problem = Without WANs, LANs remain disconnected Business necessity = Companies require interconnectivity as they expand Consumer access growth = Consumers expect interactivity over the Internet Variety of technologies = Different service methods are necessary for connections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following statements about WAN service providers with their roles:

    <p>Link provision = Connecting remote sites for data transport Network service fee = Organizations must pay for usage Technology diversity = Employing varied technologies for connectivity Support for remote access = Facilitating connections for traveling employees</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following WAN topologies with their characteristics:

    <p>Hub-and-Spoke = Requires a single interface to be shared by all spoke circuits Full Mesh = Allows any site to communicate directly with any other site Dual-homed Topology = Provides redundancy and load balancing Point-to-Point = Appears to be a direct physical link between two endpoints</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following WAN topologies with their disadvantages:

    <p>Hub-and-Spoke = All communication has to go through the hub Full Mesh = Large number of virtual circuits needed to maintain Dual-homed Topology = More expensive and complex to implement Point-to-Point = Limited to direct links between two endpoints</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their definitions in relation to WANs:

    <p>WAN = A network that covers a broad area and connects multiple sites Virtual Circuit = An emulation of a physical circuit in packet-switched networks Load Balancing = Distributing network traffic across multiple servers or paths Redundancy = Provisioning alternate paths to ensure network reliability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following networking concepts to their implications for efficiency:

    <p>Hub-and-Spoke = Centralized communication can lead to bottlenecks Full Mesh = Direct communication increases performance but at a management cost Dual-homed Topology = Increased costs for added reliability Virtual Circuits = Increased flexibility in routing options</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following routing methods to their descriptions:

    <p>Static Routing = Routes that are manually set and do not change automatically Dynamic Routing = Automatically adjusts routes based on network conditions Default Routing = Specifies a route to take when no other route is available Route Summarization = Aggregating multiple routes into a single route to simplify routing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following features with the appropriate topologies:

    <p>Full Mesh = Ease of communication among all sites Hub-and-Spoke = Cost-effectiveness through a central hub Dual-homed Topology = Complex configurations require additional hardware Point-to-Point = Direct connection can reduce latency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following scenarios with the optimal WAN topology:

    <p>Multiple sites needing direct communication = Full Mesh A small network requiring cost savings = Hub-and-Spoke A business requiring high redundancy = Dual-homed Topology A simple link between two locations = Point-to-Point</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the purpose of WANs with their economic implications:

    <p>Profitability = Improving efficiency in existing operations Network Performance = Justifying expenses through optimal performance Service Delivery = Providing a diverse array of applications to users Growth Management = Adapting network requirements as a business expands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following WAN components with their definitions:

    <p>Customer Premises Equipment (CPE) = Devices and wiring at the enterprise edge Data Communications Equipment (DCE) = Equipment that connects subscribers to a communication link Data Terminal Equipment (DTE) = Customer devices that transmit data over the WAN WAN Service Provider = External entity providing WAN carrier network services</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following authorities with their responsibilities in WAN access standards:

    <p>TIA/EIA = Telecommunications Industry Association and Electronic Industries Alliance ISO = International Organization for Standardization IEEE = Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers ITU = International Telecommunication Union</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following OSI layers with their relevance to WAN protocols:

    <p>Layer 1 = Physical connection and signaling Layer 2 = Data encapsulation and frame transfer Layer 3 = Logical addressing and routing Layer 4 = Transport services and error recovery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following WAN terms with their descriptions:

    <p>Local Loop = Connection between DCE and DTE Circuit-switched = Dedicated circuit established for communication Packet-switched = Data divided into packets for routing Leased Line = Permanent connection rented from a carrier</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following WAN topologies to their characteristics:

    <p>Point-to-Point = Direct connection between two endpoints Hub-and-Spoke = Central hub connects multiple peripheral sites Mesh = Each node connects to multiple other nodes Ring = Each node connects to exactly two other nodes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following protocols with their functions in WAN communication:

    <p>Layer 1 Protocols = Define electrical and mechanical connections Layer 2 Protocols = Manage data encapsulation mechanisms Layer 3 Protocols = Establish routing protocols Layer 4 Protocols = Oversee session management and controls</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following WAN characteristics with their descriptions:

    <p>Subscription = Required to access WAN services Latency = Delay in data transmission Throughput = Amount of data successfully transmitted Scalability = Ability to accommodate growth in demand</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following WAN connection types with their attributes:

    <p>Dedicated Leased Line = Consistent private connection VPN = Secure connection over public networks MPLS = Traffic engineering and faster routing Frame Relay = Packet-switching technology for WANs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following WAN components with their descriptions:

    <p>Demarcation Point = Establishes separation between customer and service provider equipment Local Loop = Connects customer equipment to the central office Central Office (CO) = Local facility connecting to the provider network Toll Network = Long-haul, all-digital communications lines within the WAN</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the WAN devices with their functions:

    <p>Dialup Modem = Converts digital signals to voice frequencies for transmission Access Server = Coordinates dial-in and dial-out user communications Broadband Modem = Used with high-speed DSL or cable Internet service CSU/DSU = Ensures connection integrity and error correction for digital lines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following WAN technology terms with their definitions:

    <p>CSU = Provides termination for the digital signal DSU = Monitors line integrity and corrects errors Dialup = Legacy technology for accessing WANs Broadband = High-speed data transmission technology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of WAN connections with their characteristics:

    <p>T1/E1 = Dedicated leased-line connections commonly used in WANs Analog = Earlier technology primarily using voice frequencies Fiber-optic = Utilizes light signals for high-speed information transfer Digital = Modern connections offering fast data transmission</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following WAN characteristics with their corresponding technology:

    <p>Point-to-Point = Empowers direct communication between multiple endpoints Circuit-switched = Requires establishing a dedicated circuit for communication Packet-switched = Data is divided into packets for efficient transmission Load balancing = Distributes network traffic across multiple connections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following WAN connection types with their descriptions:

    <p>Private Network = Secure connections for organizational communication Public Network = Shared connections utilized by multiple organizations Leased Line = Dedicated connections paying a fee to service providers VPN = Secure connectivity over the internet</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following WAN service roles with their functions:

    <p>Service Provider = Offers connectivity and infrastructure for WAN operations Customer Premises Equipment (CPE) = Equipment located at the customer's site Data Terminal Equipment (DTE) = Interacts with the WAN to send and receive data Data Communications Equipment (DCE) = Facilitates communication between DTE and the network</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terminologies with their definitions in WAN:

    <p>Last Mile = Connection between CPE and the service provider's CO WAN = Wide area network covering large geographical areas LAN = Localized network typically within a building or campus Bandwidth = The capacity of a communication channel to transmit data</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The company was required to implement a ______ in order for the remote sites to be able to access the data center.

    <p>WAN</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Offices located in other countries must use the ______ for their WAN connection.

    <p>Internet</p> Signup and view all the answers

    WAN operations focus primarily on the physical and ______ layer of the OSI Model.

    <p>data link</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The cost of the network and its related ______ is a significant expense for the company.

    <p>services</p> Signup and view all the answers

    To meet new requirements, the network must provide the necessary ______ service and secure Internet WAN connectivity.

    <p>converged</p> Signup and view all the answers

    SPAN Engineering has developed a special process for converting household waste into ______.

    <p>electricity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The initial structure of SPAN Engineering includes a small office with ______ employees.

    <p>15</p> Signup and view all the answers

    SPAN Engineering connects to the Internet using ______.

    <p>DSL</p> Signup and view all the answers

    After five years, SPAN Engineering was contracted to design and implement a full-sized waste conversion ______.

    <p>facility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    As of the latest update, SPAN Engineering occupies multiple ______ of an office building.

    <p>floors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The company has expanded its operations by opening small ______ offices closer to project sites.

    <p>branch</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Now classified as a small to medium-sized business, SPAN Engineering has ______ employees.

    <p>several hundred</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At this stage, SPAN Engineering has an in-house IT staff to support and maintain the ______.

    <p>network</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A disadvantage of the hub-and-spoke topology is that all communication has to go through the ______.

    <p>hub</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A full ______ topology allows any site to communicate directly with any other site.

    <p>mesh</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The dual-homed topology provides redundancy and ______ balancing.

    <p>load</p> Signup and view all the answers

    To justify large expenses, companies expect their networks to perform ______.

    <p>optimally</p> Signup and view all the answers

    SPAN Engineering's network requirements change as the company grows from a small, local business into a global ______.

    <p>enterprise</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In slow economic times, businesses focus on increasing their ______ by improving network efficiency.

    <p>profitability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A single interface to the hub can be shared by all ______ circuits.

    <p>spoke</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The large number of virtual circuits in a full mesh topology can be a ______ for configuration and maintenance.

    <p>disadvantage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    WAN access standards are defined and managed by recognized authorities such as TIA/EIA, ISO, and _____.

    <p>IEEE</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Layer 1 protocols describe how to provide electrical, mechanical, operational, and functional connects to the services of a communications service _____.

    <p>provider</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A primary difference between a WAN and a LAN is that a company must subscribe to an outside _____ service provider for WAN services.

    <p>WAN</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Customer Premises Equipment (CPE) consists of devices and inside wiring located on the enterprise edge connecting to a _____

    <p>carrier</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Data Communications Equipment (DCE) is also called circuit-terminating equipment and primarily provides an interface to connect subscribers to a communication link on the _____ cloud.

    <p>WAN</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Data Terminal Equipment (DTE) refers to the customer devices that pass the data from a customer network or host computer for transmission over the _____.

    <p>WAN</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Layer 2 protocols define how data is _____ and the mechanisms for transferring the resulting frames.

    <p>encapsulated</p> Signup and view all the answers

    DCE primarily provides an interface allowing connection to a communication link on the WAN _____ for data transmission.

    <p>cloud</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The point established in a building to separate customer equipment from service provider equipment is called the ______.

    <p>Demarcation Point</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The actual copper or fiber cable that connects the CPE to the CO of the service provider is referred to as the ______.

    <p>Local Loop</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The facility that connects the CPE to the provider network is known as the ______.

    <p>Central Office</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The long-haul, all-digital communications lines within the WAN provider network are part of the ______ network.

    <p>Toll</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A legacy WAN technology that converts digital signals into voice frequencies is called a ______ modem.

    <p>Dialup</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A type of digital modem used with high-speed DSL or cable Internet service is known as a ______ modem.

    <p>Broadband</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Digital-leased lines require a ______ and a DSU for proper connectivity.

    <p>CSU</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The device that ensures connection integrity through error correction and line monitoring is the ______.

    <p>CSU</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Purpose of WANs

    • WANs (Wide Area Networks) connect multiple LANs (Local Area Networks) over large distances, enabling communication across geographically separated sites.
    • Organizations pay service providers for WAN connectivity, which is essential for remote access and interoffice communication.
    • WANs allow for data, voice, and video transmission between distant locations, preventing isolation of LANs.

    WAN Topologies

    • Point-to-Point Topology:
      • Involves a dedicated leased-line connection (e.g., T1/E1).
      • Utilizes a Data Service Unit (DSU) for signal conversion between LAN and WAN.
    • Hub-and-Spoke Topology:
      • A central hub connects multiple spoke sites, allowing shared access.
      • Cost-effective but communication relies on the hub, which can lead to bottlenecks.
    • Full Mesh Topology:
      • Direct communication between all sites without dependence on a central hub.
      • Higher complexity and maintenance due to numerous configurations required for virtual circuits.
    • Dual-homed Topology:
      • Offers redundancy and load balancing with increased costs.
      • Requires advanced configurations and additional hardware like routers and switches.

    WAN Operations

    • Circuit Switching:
      • Establishes a dedicated circuit before communication, common in traditional telephony (PSTN) and ISDN.
    • Packet Switching:
      • Breaks data into packets for transmission across shared networks without the need for a dedicated circuit.
      • Includes connectionless systems requiring full addressing in each packet, exemplified by the Internet.

    Evolving Networks

    • Companies aim for optimal network performance to support growth and service delivery in competitive environments.
    • Example of SPAN Engineering illustrates changing network requirements as the business expands from local to global presence.
    • Needs a WAN for data center access, with dedicated lines for local branches and Internet for international connections.

    WANs in the OSI Model

    • Focus on the physical and data link layers, which govern network operations.
    • Data Link Layer: Addresses physical addressing, flow control, and encapsulation.
    • Managed by standards organizations like TIA/EIA, ISO, and IEEE, ensuring compliance and interoperability.

    Common WAN Terminology

    • Customer Premises Equipment (CPE):
      • Devices and wiring at the enterprise level connecting to the carrier’s network.
    • Data Communications Equipment (DCE):
      • Circuit-terminating devices that link local loops to WAN services, facilitating data transport.
    • Data Terminal Equipment (DTE):
      • Customer devices transmitting data over the WAN, connecting to DCE for local loop access.

    WAN Cost Considerations

    • As businesses grow, network costs rise, compelling organizations to seek reduction in operational expenses without sacrificing performance.
    • Essential to provide converged services and secure WAN connectivity for remote access and data security.

    Purpose of WANs

    • WANs extend beyond the local coverage of LANs, interconnecting enterprise LANs to remote branches and telecommuter sites.
    • Owned by service providers, WANs require organizations to pay for usage, unlike LANs, which are typically owned by the organization.
    • WAN services facilitate the transport of data, voice, and video between remote sites, preventing LANs from being isolated networks.

    Enhancements Through WANs

    • Essential for businesses to communicate across geographically separated locations, including regional offices and clients.
    • Enables employees traveling for business to access corporate networks.
    • Consumers can interact with services, such as online banking, across the Internet due to WAN connectivity.

    WAN Topologies

    • Common WAN topologies include:
      • Point-to-Point: Dedicated leased-line connections, like T1/E1 lines, providing direct links between two endpoints.
      • Core Routers/Multilayer Switches: Centralized routers in the backbone of the WAN that facilitate data routing.

    WAN Operations: Circuit Switching

    • Circuit-switching establishes a dedicated circuit between nodes before communication begins, exemplified by phone calls via the PSTN and ISDN networks.
    • Requires a connection to be created, limiting simultaneous communication channels.

    WAN Operations: Packet Switching

    • Packet switching divides data into packets sent over a shared network, allowing multiple communications without needing a dedicated connection.
    • Utilizes connectionless systems, where addressing is included in each packet, as seen in Internet data transmission.

    Case Study: SPAN Engineering

    • A 20-year-old company with worldwide offices aims to cut network costs while ensuring secure WAN connectivity to remote sites.
    • Demonstrates how growing operational needs lead to changes in network requirements.

    WANs and OSI Model

    • Primarily focused on the physical and data link layers of the OSI Model.
    • Data link requirements include physical addressing, flow control, and encapsulation method protocols defined by bodies like TIA/EIA, ISO, and IEEE.

    Common WAN Terminology

    • Customer Premises Equipment (CPE): Devices and wiring at the enterprise edge connecting to the carrier.
    • Data Communications Equipment (DCE): Equipment facilitating connection to a communication link on the WAN cloud.
    • Data Terminal Equipment (DTE): Devices transmitting data from a local network to the WAN.
    • Demarcation Point: Interface separating customer-owned equipment from service provider equipment.
    • Local Loop: Last mile connection to the service provider's central office (CO).
    • Toll Network: Fiber-optic lines within the WAN provider's network.

    WAN Devices

    • Dialup Modem: Converts digital signals for transmission over analog lines.
    • Access Server: Manages communications for dialup users.
    • Broadband Modem: Used for high-speed digital connections through DSL or cable.
    • CSU/DSU: Required for digital-leased lines, providing termination and integrity checks for signals.

    Purpose of WANs

    • WANs enable communication between geographically separated local area networks (LANs).
    • They interconnect enterprise LANs with remote sites, including branch locations and telecommuter access.
    • WAN services are provided by service providers, contrasting with LANs, which are typically owned by organizations.
    • Organizations incur costs to use WAN services for data, voice, and video transmission.
    • WANs prevent LANs from being isolated networks, facilitating communication among offices and external entities.

    WAN Topologies

    • Point-to-Point: Direct, dedicated leased line connection (e.g., T1/E1) between two endpoints.
    • Hub-and-Spoke: Central hub connects multiple sites, allowing shared communication through virtual circuits.
    • Full Mesh: Allows direct communication between any sites, requiring numerous virtual circuits for management.
    • Dual-homed: Provides network redundancy and load balancing, though at a higher cost and complexity of implementation.

    Evolving Networks

    • Businesses aim to enhance profitability by improving network efficiency, reducing operational expenses.
    • Network demands change dramatically as companies scale, necessitating robust and secure WAN connectivity.
    • Example: SPAN Engineering transitions from a local business to a global enterprise requiring extensive WAN solutions.

    WAN Operations

    • Focus on the physical and data link layers of the OSI Model, addressing physical addressing, flow control, and encapsulation.
    • WAN standards governed by organizations like TIA/EIA, ISO, and IEEE ensure compatibility and functionality of services.
    • Layer 1 protocols focus on the physical connections with service providers, while Layer 2 protocols handle data encapsulation and frame transfer.

    Common WAN Terminology

    • Customer Premises Equipment (CPE): Devices and wiring at the enterprise edge connecting to a carrier.
    • Data Communications Equipment (DCE): Circuit-terminating equipment that connects subscribers to the WAN.
    • Data Terminal Equipment (DTE): Customer devices that send data over the WAN, interfacing with the DCE.
    • Demarcation Point: The boundary separating customer equipment from service provider equipment.
    • Local Loop: The last mile connection wiring between CPE and the service provider's central office (CO).

    WAN Devices

    • Dialup Modem: Converts digital signals to voice frequencies for transmission over public telephone lines.
    • Access Server: Manages dial-up connections for both incoming and outgoing communications.
    • Broadband Modem: Used for high-speed DSL or cable internet, operating at higher frequencies than voiceband modems.
    • CSU/DSU: Essential for digital leased lines, ensuring signal integrity and connection monitoring.

    WAN Topologies

    • Transparent Connections: Establishes a direct physical link between two endpoints for customer networks.
    • Hub-and-Spoke Topology: Useful for private network connections among sites; the hub shares an interface with all spoke circuits, allowing interconnections via virtual circuits.
    • Full Mesh Topology: Enables direct communication between any two sites, reducing reliance on a hub; however, requires extensive virtual circuit configuration and maintenance.
    • Dual-Homed Topology: Offers redundancy and load balancing, requiring more investment in hardware like routers and switches, and involves complex configurations.

    Purpose of WANs & Evolving Networks

    • Economic Considerations: Companies aim to boost profits by improving network efficiency, demanding optimal performance, and diverse service delivery.
    • Company Example - SPAN Engineering: Evolves from a small firm (15 employees) to a global enterprise, illustrating changing network needs as business scales.

    SPAN Engineering's Growth Stages

    • Initial Stage: Small office with a single LAN, supporting VoIP and shared peripherals; utilizes DSL for internet connectivity and external IT support.
    • Expansion Stage: Five years later, the firm grows to hundreds of employees, spans multiple office floors, and develops an in-house IT team.
    • Branch Networks: After six more years, SPAN opens offices closer to project sites, requiring WAN for access to central databases, employing dedicated lines in local areas and internet connections abroad.
    • Distributed Network: After 20 years, the company has numerous global offices and faces high networking costs, necessitating cost-reduction strategies while requiring secure WAN connectivity.

    WAN Operations

    • Functional Areas: Focus on physical and data link layers of OSI Model involving addressing, flow control, and encapsulation.
    • Standards: Established by TIA/EIA, ISO, and IEEE to manage WAN access.

    Common WAN Terminology

    • Customer Premises Equipment (CPE): Devices and wiring on the enterprise edge connecting to carriers.
    • Data Communications Equipment (DCE): Circuit-terminating equipment that interfaces subscribers with communication links.
    • Data Terminal Equipment (DTE): Customer devices transmitting data for WAN access.
    • Demarcation Point: Separates customer equipment from service provider equipment within a building.
    • Local Loop: Connects CPE to the central office (CO) of the service provider, often referred to as the "last mile."
    • Toll Network: Consists of long-haul, high-capacity digital telecommunications lines within the WAN provider's network.

    WAN Devices

    • Dialup Modem: Converts digital signals for transmission over traditional phone lines, considered legacy technology.
    • Access Server: Manages dial-up connections and user communications.
    • Broadband Modem: Used for high-speed internet connections, operates on broadband frequencies.
    • CSU/DSU: Necessary for digital leased lines, providing termination and ensuring integrity through error correction and monitoring.

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    Description

    This quiz covers key concepts related to Wide Area Networks (WANs) from Chapter 2 of the CCNA Routing and Switching Connecting Networks v6.0 textbook. Explore the purpose of WANs, their geographic scope, and the relationship between WANs and LANs. Test your knowledge on how WANs interconnect enterprise networks and the service provider's role.

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