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What is the primary function of platelets in the blood?
What is the primary function of platelets in the blood?
What is the primary function of hemoglobin in red blood cells?
What is the primary function of hemoglobin in red blood cells?
What hormone influences the differentiation of hemopoietic stem cells into platelets?
What hormone influences the differentiation of hemopoietic stem cells into platelets?
Which of the following best describes erythropoiesis?
Which of the following best describes erythropoiesis?
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During coagulation, which of the following sequences describes the formation of a blood clot?
During coagulation, which of the following sequences describes the formation of a blood clot?
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What role does carbonic anhydrase play in red blood cells?
What role does carbonic anhydrase play in red blood cells?
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Which component is involved in the intrinsic pathway of the coagulation cascade?
Which component is involved in the intrinsic pathway of the coagulation cascade?
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What is the liquid portion of clotted blood known as?
What is the liquid portion of clotted blood known as?
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What triggers the release of erythropoietin from the kidneys?
What triggers the release of erythropoietin from the kidneys?
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What process immediately follows vascular spasm during hemostasis?
What process immediately follows vascular spasm during hemostasis?
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What differentiates granular leukocytes from agranular leukocytes?
What differentiates granular leukocytes from agranular leukocytes?
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How long do red blood cells typically live before being removed from circulation?
How long do red blood cells typically live before being removed from circulation?
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What is the primary structure that splinters to produce platelets?
What is the primary structure that splinters to produce platelets?
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The term 'hemostasis' refers to which of the following?
The term 'hemostasis' refers to which of the following?
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What is the process called when white blood cells leave the bloodstream to reach sites of infection?
What is the process called when white blood cells leave the bloodstream to reach sites of infection?
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What is a common indication of an infection or inflammation in the body?
What is a common indication of an infection or inflammation in the body?
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What role does blood play in regulating homeostasis?
What role does blood play in regulating homeostasis?
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What are the formed elements of blood composed of?
What are the formed elements of blood composed of?
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What is primarily responsible for the volume regulation of blood?
What is primarily responsible for the volume regulation of blood?
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Which component of blood is crucial for clotting?
Which component of blood is crucial for clotting?
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Which statement accurately describes anemia?
Which statement accurately describes anemia?
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What feature distinguishes lymphocytes from other blood cells?
What feature distinguishes lymphocytes from other blood cells?
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What is the function of Aldosterone in blood regulation?
What is the function of Aldosterone in blood regulation?
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Which statement about the ABO and Rh blood groups is correct?
Which statement about the ABO and Rh blood groups is correct?
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What is the role of vitamin K in blood clotting?
What is the role of vitamin K in blood clotting?
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Which clotting pathway is initiated by tissue factor released from damaged cells?
Which clotting pathway is initiated by tissue factor released from damaged cells?
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What happens to a person's plasma antibodies in relation to their blood type?
What happens to a person's plasma antibodies in relation to their blood type?
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How many blood groups are identified based on the presence or absence of specific antigens?
How many blood groups are identified based on the presence or absence of specific antigens?
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What initiates the agglutination process in blood typing?
What initiates the agglutination process in blood typing?
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What condition can arise if an Rh- mother carries an Rh+ baby?
What condition can arise if an Rh- mother carries an Rh+ baby?
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What is plasmin's role in the bloodstream?
What is plasmin's role in the bloodstream?
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How are blood types classified based on antigens?
How are blood types classified based on antigens?
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What causes Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn (HDN) when a mother is Rh negative and the baby is Rh positive?
What causes Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn (HDN) when a mother is Rh negative and the baby is Rh positive?
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Which of the following is a preventive measure for Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn (HDN)?
Which of the following is a preventive measure for Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn (HDN)?
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What is sickle cell disease primarily caused by?
What is sickle cell disease primarily caused by?
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Which of the following conditions involves a decrease in the level of platelets?
Which of the following conditions involves a decrease in the level of platelets?
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What can result from Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn (HDN)?
What can result from Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn (HDN)?
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Which of the following is NOT a type of anemia mentioned?
Which of the following is NOT a type of anemia mentioned?
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What is a key characteristic of Chronic leukemia?
What is a key characteristic of Chronic leukemia?
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What is the primary consequence of anemia?
What is the primary consequence of anemia?
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Study Notes
Chapter 19: Blood
- Blood is a liquid connective tissue composed of cells suspended in plasma
- Total blood volume (TBV) is 4-6 liters (males) and 4-5 liters (females) and is 8% of body weight.
- TBV is regulated by ADH (antidiuretic hormone), aldosterone, and ANP (atrial natriuretic peptide).
- ADH regulates water content in blood.
- Aldosterone helps the kidneys retain salt and water.
- ANP decreases total blood volume and blood pressure.
- Plasma (55% of blood) is the liquid portion and contains water, proteins (albumins, globulins, fibrinogen), nutrients, and electrolytes.
- Formed elements (45% of blood) are cells, including red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.
Blood Functions
- Transports oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, hormones, heat, and waste products
- Regulates homeostasis of body fluids, pH, temperature, and water content
- Protects against blood loss through clotting and against infections via white blood cells
Red Blood Cells (Erythrocytes)
- Contain hemoglobin for oxygen and carbon dioxide transport (23% of total carbon dioxide)
- Each hemoglobin molecule binds four oxygen molecules due to iron ions.
- Biconcave disc shape and lack of organelles increase efficiency of oxygen transport.
- Live about 120 days.
- Breakdown products are recycled and reused by the spleen and liver.
Red Blood Cell Production (Erythropoiesis)
- Begins in red bone marrow
- Immature red blood cells (reticulocytes) enter circulation and mature in 1-2 days.
- Erythropoietin, a hormone released by the kidneys in response to low oxygen levels, stimulates erythropoiesis.
White Blood Cells (Leukocytes)
- Contain a nucleus and organelles but lack hemoglobin.
- Classified as granular (neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils) or agranular (lymphocytes, monocytes).
- Granular WBCs have granules when stained.
- Defend against invading microbes
- Some live for months or years.
- During infection, many WBCs leave the bloodstream (emigration) and migrate to the infected site.
White Blood Cell Counts
- High WBC count usually indicates infection or inflammation.
- Low WBC count can result from several causes
- Differential WBC count helps diagnose underlying issues.
Platelets (Thrombocytes)
- Essential for blood clotting (hemostasis)
- Formed from megakaryocytes in bone marrow
- Contain many vesicles but lack a nucleus
- Live for 5-9 days
Hemostasis
- The process of stopping bleeding involves 3 phases: vascular spasm, platelet plug formation, and blood clotting (coagulation).
- Coagulation factors (numbered I-XIII) work in a cascade to form a clot.
- Vitamin K is necessary for normal clot formation.
- Unwanted clots are dissolved by plasmin (fibrinolysin).
- Blood clotting involves several clotting factors identified by Roman numerals and is divided into three stages: the extrinsic pathway, the intrinsic pathway, and the common pathway.
Blood Groups
- Blood groups are characterized by antigens (glycoproteins/glycolipids) on red blood cell surfaces.
- ABO and Rh blood groups are important clinically
- ABO: A, B, AB, O, based on the presence or absence of A and B antigens
- Rh: presence (Rh+) or absence (Rh-) of Rh antigen.
- Blood typing and cross-matching are crucial before transfusions.
- Individuals will not have agglutinins (antibodies) against their own blood type.
Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn (HDN)
- Small amounts of fetal blood enter maternal circulation during birth.
- If the baby is Rh+ and the mother is Rh-, the mother will form Rh antibodies.
- During subsequent pregnancies, maternal antibodies attack fetal RBCs causing hemolysis (destruction of blood cells), jaundice, and possibly, death.
Blood Disorders
- Anemia (low oxygen-carrying capacity)
- Sickle cell disease (genetic anemia where RBCs have abnormal hemoglobin which causes shape changes and reduced oxygen capacity)
- Leukemia (cancer of blood cells)
- Thrombocytopenia (low platelet count)
- Pancytopenia (low counts of all blood cell types)
- Hemophilia (inherited clotting factor deficiency)
Stem Cell Transplants
- Bone marrow transplants replace cancerous red bone marrow with normal red bone marrow. Donors marrow is usually collected from the iliac crest of the hip bone
- Stem cells from umbilical cord blood can be used as a donor source and has advantages over bone marrow transplants.
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Description
Explore the vital components and functions of blood in this detailed quiz. From the composition of plasma to the role of red blood cells, learn how blood regulates the body's homeostasis and protects against infections. Test your knowledge on the mechanisms controlling total blood volume and its importance in bodily functions.
