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Questions and Answers
Which proteins act as molecular switches in intracellular cell signaling?
Which proteins act as molecular switches in intracellular cell signaling?
- GEF- guanine nucleotide exchange factor (correct)
- Deacetylation proteins
- GAP- GTPase activating proteins
- Phosphorylation proteins
Which type of receptors convert chemical signals into electrical ones?
Which type of receptors convert chemical signals into electrical ones?
- Ion-Channel–Coupled Receptors (correct)
- Enzyme Coupled Receptors
- G-Protein–Coupled Receptors
- GTP-binding proteins
What type of receptors have intrinsic enzyme activity or associate with enzymes?
What type of receptors have intrinsic enzyme activity or associate with enzymes?
- G-Protein–Coupled Receptors
- G-proteins
- Enzyme Coupled Receptors (correct)
- GTP-binding proteins
Which molecules mediate responses to diverse extracellular signals like hormones and neurotransmitters?
Which molecules mediate responses to diverse extracellular signals like hormones and neurotransmitters?
What are the largest family of cell surface receptors?
What are the largest family of cell surface receptors?
Which type of cell signaling involves a membrane-bound signal molecule that requires close proximity between cells?
Which type of cell signaling involves a membrane-bound signal molecule that requires close proximity between cells?
Which statement best describes the role of receptors in cell signaling?
Which statement best describes the role of receptors in cell signaling?
What is the primary factor that determines how a cell will respond to a signal?
What is the primary factor that determines how a cell will respond to a signal?
Which type of cell signaling involves signal molecules that travel long distances but target specific cells?
Which type of cell signaling involves signal molecules that travel long distances but target specific cells?
How do signal molecules regulate the behavior of a cell?
How do signal molecules regulate the behavior of a cell?
What is the process by which cells convert an extracellular signal into an intracellular signal called?
What is the process by which cells convert an extracellular signal into an intracellular signal called?
Which of the following is NOT an example of an extracellular molecule used as a signal?
Which of the following is NOT an example of an extracellular molecule used as a signal?
What type of signaling involves hormones traveling long distances from endocrine cells to target cells?
What type of signaling involves hormones traveling long distances from endocrine cells to target cells?
What type of signaling involves signaling molecules that are only received by neighboring cells?
What type of signaling involves signaling molecules that are only received by neighboring cells?
Which of the following is NOT a common type of receptor used in cell signaling?
Which of the following is NOT a common type of receptor used in cell signaling?
Which of the following is NOT an example of a dissolved gas used in cell signaling?
Which of the following is NOT an example of a dissolved gas used in cell signaling?
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Study Notes
General Principles of Cell Signaling
- Cell signaling involves converting information from one form to another through signal transduction.
- Signal transduction is the process of converting an extracellular signal into an intracellular signal.
- Cells respond to a limited set of signals, and different types of cells respond to the same signal in different ways.
Cell-Surface Receptors
- Cell-surface receptors fall into three main classes:
- Ion-channel–coupled receptors (convert chemical signals into electrical ones)
- G-protein–coupled receptors (activate G-proteins, which then activate enzymes or ion channel receptors)
- Enzyme-coupled receptors (have intrinsic enzyme activity or associate with enzymes)
G-Protein-Coupled Receptors
- G-protein-coupled receptors are the largest family of cell surface receptors.
- They have a single polypeptide, seven-pass transmembrane receptor protein structure.
- They mediate responses to diverse extracellular signals, such as hormones, local mediators, and neurotransmitters.
Signaling Pathways
- Some intracellular signaling proteins act as molecular switches.
- Phosphorylation and dephosphorylation are key mechanisms in signaling pathways.
- GTP-GDP exchange is another important mechanism in signaling pathways.
Types of Signaling
- Autocrine signaling: signal is released by the cell and acts on the same cell.
- Paracrine signaling: signal is released by a cell and acts on neighboring cells.
- Endocrine signaling: signal is released by endocrine cells and travels long distances to reach target cells.
- Contact-dependent signaling: signal is transmitted through membrane-bound signal molecules, and the target cell must be very close to the signaling cell.
Cell Communication
- Cells have four basic styles of communication: autocrine, paracrine, endocrine, and contact-dependent signaling.
- Each cell responds to a limited set of signals, and different types of cells respond to the same signal in different ways.
- Signal molecules work in combinations to regulate the behavior of the cell.
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