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Questions and Answers
What factor primarily determines the loudness of a sound?
What factor primarily determines the loudness of a sound?
How does temperature affect the speed of sound in air?
How does temperature affect the speed of sound in air?
Which phenomenon describes the change in frequency of sound due to the motion of the source or observer?
Which phenomenon describes the change in frequency of sound due to the motion of the source or observer?
What is a sonic boom?
What is a sonic boom?
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Which of the following is NOT a condition for standing waves to form?
Which of the following is NOT a condition for standing waves to form?
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What phenomenon occurs when an object travels through air at speeds greater than Mach 1?
What phenomenon occurs when an object travels through air at speeds greater than Mach 1?
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At approximately what speed is Mach 1 defined at sea level under room temperature conditions?
At approximately what speed is Mach 1 defined at sea level under room temperature conditions?
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In the context of standing waves in a tube open at one end, where does maximum particle movement occur?
In the context of standing waves in a tube open at one end, where does maximum particle movement occur?
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What generates a sonic boom?
What generates a sonic boom?
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In harmonics, which equation represents the fundamental frequency for a tube open at both ends?
In harmonics, which equation represents the fundamental frequency for a tube open at both ends?
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What would increase the overall sound intensity level in an open tube?
What would increase the overall sound intensity level in an open tube?
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What is the primary characteristic of timbre in a sound wave?
What is the primary characteristic of timbre in a sound wave?
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When sound waves merge into a single shock wave, what is the result at the speed of sound?
When sound waves merge into a single shock wave, what is the result at the speed of sound?
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What is the frequency of the first harmonic for a pipe that is 2.46 m long and open at both ends, given the speed of sound is 343 m/s?
What is the frequency of the first harmonic for a pipe that is 2.46 m long and open at both ends, given the speed of sound is 343 m/s?
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If a piano string has a beat frequency of 4 Hz when compared to a tuning fork vibrating at 440 Hz, what are the possible frequencies of the piano string?
If a piano string has a beat frequency of 4 Hz when compared to a tuning fork vibrating at 440 Hz, what are the possible frequencies of the piano string?
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How does the frequency of a sound change when the source is moving towards the observer, according to the Doppler effect?
How does the frequency of a sound change when the source is moving towards the observer, according to the Doppler effect?
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What phenomenon occurs when a source of sound moves faster than the speed of sound?
What phenomenon occurs when a source of sound moves faster than the speed of sound?
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What happens to the wavelength of a wave when its frequency increases while the speed of sound remains constant?
What happens to the wavelength of a wave when its frequency increases while the speed of sound remains constant?
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In a standing wave formed in a closed pipe, what is the location of the nodes?
In a standing wave formed in a closed pipe, what is the location of the nodes?
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If the smallest air-column length at which a resonance peak occurs is 9.00 cm for a pipe closed at one end, what is the second smallest length for resonance?
If the smallest air-column length at which a resonance peak occurs is 9.00 cm for a pipe closed at one end, what is the second smallest length for resonance?
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In a scenario where a piano tuner moves towards the piano, leading to a dropped beat frequency from 4 Hz to 2 Hz, what can be inferred about the piano note's frequency?
In a scenario where a piano tuner moves towards the piano, leading to a dropped beat frequency from 4 Hz to 2 Hz, what can be inferred about the piano note's frequency?
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Flashcards
Doppler Effect
Doppler Effect
An apparent change in the frequency of a wave caused by the relative motion between the source of the wave and the observer.
Sonic Boom
Sonic Boom
A loud explosion-like sound created by an object traveling faster than the speed of sound.
Standing Wave
Standing Wave
A wave that appears to stand still in space, resulting from the superposition of two waves traveling in opposite directions.
Harmonics
Harmonics
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Fundamental Frequency
Fundamental Frequency
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Node
Node
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Antinode
Antinode
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Speed of Sound
Speed of Sound
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Standing Waves
Standing Waves
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Speed of Sound (vs)
Speed of Sound (vs)
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Sound Speed and Temperature
Sound Speed and Temperature
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Harmonics
Harmonics
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Sound in Gases
Sound in Gases
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Beat Frequency
Beat Frequency
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Frequency
Frequency
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Sound in Solids
Sound in Solids
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Wavelength
Wavelength
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Sound Frequencies
Sound Frequencies
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Open Pipe
Open Pipe
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Closed Pipe
Closed Pipe
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Velocity of sound
Velocity of sound
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Study Notes
Chapter 14: Sound and Hearing
- Sound is a disturbance of matter transmitted outward from its source.
- Sound waves are longitudinal waves consisting of alternating compressions and rarefactions.
- Frequency of a sound, f, is the number of complete waves passing a point per unit time (measured in Hz).
- Wavelength, λ, is the distance between two consecutive compressions or rarefactions.
- The speed of sound, v, is the rate at which the wave travels. The relationship is: v = λf .
- The speed of sound depends on the medium and its temperature.
- Sound travels faster in solids than in liquids and faster in them than in gases, and faster at higher temperatures in all states of matter.
- Humans can hear frequencies ranging from 20 Hz to 20,000 Hz.
What is Sound?
- A vibrating tuning fork creates a series of compressions and rarefactions in the air.
- The crests of the wave correspond to compressions, the troughs to rarefactions.
- A vibrating source transfers energy to surrounding molecules.
- This energy is used to compress and expand the surrounding medium.
- High pressure regions are called compressions, low pressure regions are called rarefactions.
Loudness & Intensity
- Loudness is related to the energy of the source and the distance.
- Loudness is proportional to intensity, which is power per unit area (W/m²).
- Intensity of a point source varies inversely with the square of the distance from the source.
- The measurement of loudness, or intensity level is in decibels (dB).
Speed of Sound
- The speed of sound is usually given as dependent on the temperature and type of medium.
- The speed of sound at sea level is approximately 331 m/s at 0° Celsius (273 Kelvin)
- The formula is: v = λf.
- Speed of sound is approximately independent of frequency.
Threshold of Hearing & Pain
- Threshold of hearing: The faintest sound a human can hear (0 decibels).
The intensity is 1x10-12 W/m². - Threshold of pain: The loudest sound a human can tolerate without causing pain (approximately 120–130 dB). Intensity is approximately 1 W/m².
Intensity vs Loudness
- Human perception of loudness is logarithmic, not linear.
- One important logarithmic scale is decibels (dB).
- A 10dB change corresponds to a change in intensity by a factor of 10 (e.g. from 20dB to 30dB).
Doppler Effect
- A change in the observed frequency of a sound due to the motion of the source and/or observer.
- The frequency observed by a stationary observer increases as the source approaches and decreases as it moves away.
Standing Waves
- When waves of equal frequency and amplitude travel in opposite directions, standing waves are created.
- Sound waves from a source may interfere with reflected waves, producing standing waves.
- The amplitude of the vertical oscillation of any element of the string depends on the horizontal position of the element.
- The wavelength of the fundamental standing wave in a string fixed at both ends is twice the length of the string.
- A standing wave in a tube open at one end has one antinode at the open end and a node at the other end.
- A standing wave in a tube open at both ends has antinodes at both ends.
Beats
- Beats are an interference pattern that results from the superposition of two sound waves with slightly different frequencies.
- The beat frequency is the difference between the frequencies of the two interfering waves.
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Description
Explore the fascinating world of sound in this quiz on Chapter 14. Learn about sound waves, frequency, wavelength, and how sound travels through different media. Test your understanding of the basic principles of sound and hearing.
