Chapter 13.6: The Scientific Revolution

A belief system where God created the universe but does not interfere with it, like a clockmaker.

A system of government where power is divided between three branches: legislative, executive, and judicial, to prevent any one branch from becoming too powerful.

A belief that humans are born with natural rights to life, liberty, and property.

The idea that the government should not interfere in the economy, allowing private businesses to operate freely with minimal government regulation.

An encyclopedia published during the Enlightenment that aimed to spread knowledge and ideas through a collection of essays and articles from various scholars.

A system of government where laws apply equally to everyone, regardless of their status or power.

A concept that suggests individuals surrender some rights to a government in exchange for protection and benefits like security and justice.

A type of government where citizens elect representatives to make decisions on their behalf.

The idea that the people have the right to overthrow a government that does not protect their natural rights and create a new one that reflects their will.

The use of reason and the scientific method to understand all aspects of life, including society and government. Popular during the 18th century, it emphasized rationalism and progress.

A philosophical movement that believed in using reason to understand the natural laws that govern human society. It aimed to create a better world through progress, reform, and individual liberty.

A French word meaning "philosopher," which referred to intellectuals of the Enlightenment who focused on applying reason to social and political issues.

An economic theory that advocates for minimal government intervention in the economy. This allows individuals and companies to freely pursue their economic interests, leading to societal benefits overall.

The idea that religion should not be involved in government and education.

A ruler who uses their absolute power to enforce ideas from the Enlightenment.

Elegant drawing rooms where intellectuals, artists, and nobles gathered to discuss Enlightenment ideas.

The ability to read and understand written materials.

An English writer who advocated for women's rights in her book 'A Vindication of the Rights of Woman.'

The period of time from the 1700s to the late 1700s characterized by reason and an emphasis on human understanding.

A style of art that emphasizes grace, charm, and gentle action, characterized by delicate designs colored in gold with graceful curves.

A style of art characterized by grandeur, power, and elaborate ornamentation, with bright colors and heavy detail.

The belief that individuals should be able to govern themselves, leading to the development of the separation of church and state.

This style of music emphasized harmony and balance, a shift from the complex counterpoint of the Baroque era.

An eighteenth-century British politician and abolitionist who worked relentlessly to end the slave trade in Britain.

A movement against slavery that emerged during the Enlightenment, advocating for the abolition, or end, of the practice.

The French King who built the Palace of Versailles, a symbol of royal grandeur and power.

A German architect famous for his Baroque and Rococo masterpieces, such as the Church of the Fourteen Saints and the Residence in Würzburg.

A method of investigation that involves observation, experimentation, and analysis to understand the natural world.

A new period characterized by advancements in mathematics, astronomy, medicine, and physics, shifting European perspectives on the universe and humanity's place within it.

An approach to knowledge that emphasized reason, observation, and experimentation to understand the world.

The invention that made it possible to print books accurately and efficiently, contributing to the spread of scientific knowledge throughout Europe.

Inventions that allowed scientists to observe the very small and very distant, revealing hidden worlds of microscopic life and celestial objects.

A system for protecting inventors' innovative ideas and creations, encouraging further research and development.

The process of recording, publishing, and sharing scientific findings to advance knowledge and inspire future research.

A branch of engineering that utilizes gas or compressed air to power various mechanisms.

A groundbreaking scientific law that explains the force of attraction between objects, a foundational principle in physics and astronomy.

The heliocentric model places the sun at the center of the universe, while the geocentric model places Earth at the center.

Nicolaus Copernicus challenged the geocentric model and proposed the heliocentric model, where the sun is the center of the universe.

A system of government where power is divided between three branches: legislative, executive, and judicial, to prevent any one branch from becoming too powerful.

An economic theory that advocates for minimal government intervention in the economy, allowing individuals and companies to operate freely with minimal government regulation.

A philosophical movement that heavily emphasized reason and the scientific method to understand the world and society. People believed that through logic and inquiry, society could progress and improve.

The belief that the universe operates according to natural laws, discovered through scientific inquiry, and that these laws can be applied to understand human society.

Frederick the Great, ruler of Prussia, implemented some enlightened reforms like abolishing torture, allowing freedom of speech and press, and religious toleration, but he maintained serfdom and rigid social structures.

Maria Theresa, ruler of Austria, was not receptive to Enlightenment ideas, but her son, Joseph II, embraced them. He abolished serfdom and the death penalty, promoting equality and religious tolerance. However, his reforms were met with resistance from nobles and even serfs, and his successors reversed most of his changes.

Catherine the Great of Russia, while advocating for a new legal code based on equality, ultimately favored the nobility, leading to harsher conditions for peasants and a rebellion. She expanded territory, but ultimately strengthened serfdom instead of implementing reforms.

Enlightened absolutists, despite promoting some reforms, primarily focused on strengthening their state power, gaining more resources through taxation, and building armies for territorial expansion, often contradicting the pacifist ideals of the Enlightenment.

This refers to the growing accessibility of printed materials to a wider audience, beyond the elite. This included novels with realistic themes, satirical works, and newspapers, contributing to the spread of Enlightenment ideas.

Salons were gatherings hosted by aristocratic women in their homes, where intellectuals, artists, and political figures discussed Enlightenment ideas. These gatherings played a crucial role in spreading these ideas throughout society.

Mary Wollstonecraft, a fierce advocate for women's rights, argued that the Enlightenment's principles of reason and equality should apply to women as well. She highlighted the hypocrisy of advocating for individual liberty while denying it to women, calling for equal rights in education, economics, and politics.

Enlightenment thinkers believed in human reason and its ability to solve societal problems. They advocated for natural rights, such as liberty and equality, and influenced political revolutions and the development of modern democracy.

The separation of church and state, emphasizing the principle that government and religious institutions should operate independently. It prevents one from influencing or controlling the other, promoting religious freedom and a secular society.

A style of art that emerged in the 18th century, characterized by elegance, grace, and delicate ornamentation. It emphasized the pursuit of pleasure and love, often depicting scenes of leisure and the upper class.

The palace of Louis XIV at Versailles was a grand symbol of royal power and influenced the architectural styles of other European monarchs. It was built in the late 17th century and became a model for grand palaces across Europe.

Inventions like the telescope and microscope that allowed scientists to explore the very small and very distant.

The use of reason and logic to investigate and understand the world.