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Questions and Answers
Which of the following pelvic types is most closely associated with a typical female anatomy?
Which of the following pelvic types is most closely associated with a typical female anatomy?
During labor, what is the correct order of the primary powers?
During labor, what is the correct order of the primary powers?
What defines the second stage of labor?
What defines the second stage of labor?
What is the term for the process where the fetal head passes the pelvic inlet?
What is the term for the process where the fetal head passes the pelvic inlet?
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Which cardinal movement of labor involves the shoulders engaging and descending after the head is born?
Which cardinal movement of labor involves the shoulders engaging and descending after the head is born?
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A laboring woman reports feeling increasingly fatigued. Which position change would be MOST beneficial?
A laboring woman reports feeling increasingly fatigued. Which position change would be MOST beneficial?
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What is the primary physiological adaptation that prepares the fetus for extrauterine respiration during labor?
What is the primary physiological adaptation that prepares the fetus for extrauterine respiration during labor?
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What is the average fetal heart rate during labor?
What is the average fetal heart rate during labor?
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What is the most accurate description of 'bloody show' as a sign preceding labor?
What is the most accurate description of 'bloody show' as a sign preceding labor?
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Why is it important for a laboring woman to avoid prolonged periods in the supine position?
Why is it important for a laboring woman to avoid prolonged periods in the supine position?
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Describe a major cardiovascular adaptation that occurs in the mother immediately following delivery.
Describe a major cardiovascular adaptation that occurs in the mother immediately following delivery.
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What is the range for cervical dilation?
What is the range for cervical dilation?
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When does the 4th stage of labor occur?
When does the 4th stage of labor occur?
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What are the 4 forces that descent depends on?
What are the 4 forces that descent depends on?
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What is the meaning of the mnemonic 'Every Day Fine Infants Enter Eager Excited'?
What is the meaning of the mnemonic 'Every Day Fine Infants Enter Eager Excited'?
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Which of the following factors related to the 'passenger' (fetus and placenta) most significantly influences the labor process?
Which of the following factors related to the 'passenger' (fetus and placenta) most significantly influences the labor process?
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A pregnant woman is in labor. The fetus is in a breech presentation. This refers to which of the following?
A pregnant woman is in labor. The fetus is in a breech presentation. This refers to which of the following?
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The term 'fetal attitude' refers to:
The term 'fetal attitude' refers to:
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Which of the following best describes the significance of fetal 'station' during labor?
Which of the following best describes the significance of fetal 'station' during labor?
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A primiparous woman is in labor. Her cervix is 4 cm dilated, and the fetal head is at 0 station. Where is the fetal head in relation to the ischial spines?
A primiparous woman is in labor. Her cervix is 4 cm dilated, and the fetal head is at 0 station. Where is the fetal head in relation to the ischial spines?
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Which of the following descriptions accurately portrays the function and closure timeline of the anterior fontanel in a newborn?
Which of the following descriptions accurately portrays the function and closure timeline of the anterior fontanel in a newborn?
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During an assessment of a pregnant patient, the nurse determines that the fetal lie is transverse. What does this finding indicate?
During an assessment of a pregnant patient, the nurse determines that the fetal lie is transverse. What does this finding indicate?
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The 'passageway' in labor refers to the birth canal. Which anatomical structure is a key component of this passageway?
The 'passageway' in labor refers to the birth canal. Which anatomical structure is a key component of this passageway?
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Flashcards
Five P's of Labor
Five P's of Labor
The five major factors affecting labor: Passenger, Passageway, Powers, Position, and Psychologic response.
Passenger
Passenger
The fetus and placenta involved in the labor process.
Fetal Presentation
Fetal Presentation
The part of the fetus that enters the pelvic inlet first, commonly the head.
Fetal Lie
Fetal Lie
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Fetal Attitude
Fetal Attitude
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Cardinal Movements
Cardinal Movements
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Pelvic Inlet Measurement
Pelvic Inlet Measurement
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Station
Station
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Gynecoid pelvis
Gynecoid pelvis
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Android pelvis
Android pelvis
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Anthropoid pelvis
Anthropoid pelvis
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Platypelloid pelvis
Platypelloid pelvis
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Effacement
Effacement
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Dilation
Dilation
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Ferguson reflex
Ferguson reflex
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Stages of labor
Stages of labor
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Seven cardinal movements
Seven cardinal movements
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Lightening
Lightening
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Bloody show
Bloody show
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Fetal heart rate
Fetal heart rate
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Maternal adaptation
Maternal adaptation
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Position of laboring woman
Position of laboring woman
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Primary powers
Primary powers
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Study Notes
Chapter 13: Labor and Birth Processes
- Labor and birth are affected by five factors: passenger, passageway, powers, position of the mother, and psychologic response.
- The passenger includes the fetus and the placenta.
- Factors affecting the passenger include the size of the fetal head, fetal presentation (part of the fetus entering the pelvic inlet), fetal lie (spine-to-spine relationship), fetal attitude (relation of fetal body parts, normal is general flexion), and fetal position (presenting part, e.g., occiput, sacrum, chin).
- 96% of births are cephalic (head first)
- 3% are breech (buttocks or feet first)
- Other percentages may be shoulder presentations
- Fontanels are soft spots on a baby's skull.
- Posterior fontanels are triangular and close by 6-8 weeks.
- Anterior fontanels are diamond-shaped and close by 18 months.
- The passageway refers to the birth canal.
- It is made up of the bony pelvis (ilium, ischium, pubis, sacral bones), cervix, pelvic floor muscles, and vagina.
- Four basic pelvis types: gynecoid, anthropoid, android, and platypelloid.
- Powers refer to the contractions of the uterus.
- Primary powers are involuntary uterine contractions that cause effacement (thinning and shortening of the cervix) and dilation (widening of the cervix).
- Secondary powers are bearing-down efforts by the mother.
- The position of the mother during labor can impact the process, affecting the mother's comfort and other adaptations to labor. Positions should promote woman's comfort and adaptability during labor.
- Psychologic response includes the mother's psychological state and how it affects the labor process.
- There are seven cardinal movements that occur in vertex presentations. Those are engagement, descent, flexion, internal rotation, extension, external rotation, and expulsion.
- Fetal adaptations to labor include changes in fetal heart rate (average 140 beats per minute, 110-160 range), circulation, and respiration (to prepare for breathing).
- Maternal adaptations to labor include changes in cardiovascular activity (output peaks temporarily during contractions), respiration, kidneys, the integumentary system (stretching of the vagina), musculoskeletal system (fatigue), neurologic system (euphoria, amnesia), gastrointestinal system (decreased motility, nausea, belching), and endocrine changes (decrease in progesterone, and increase in estrogen, prostaglandins, oxytocin and metabolism).
- Labor process includes the process of moving the fetus, placenta, and membranes from the uterus and through the birth canal.
- Various changes in the woman's reproductive system occur in the days and weeks before labor begins.
- Stages of labor:
- First stage: begins with regular uterine contractions and ends with full cervical dilation.
- Second stage: begins with full cervical dilation and ends with the delivery of the baby.
- Third stage: begins with birth of the baby and ends with the expulsion of the placenta.
- Fourth stage: the postpartum period, usually lasting about two hours after delivery of the placenta. The mother and baby are recovering.
- Signs preceding labor: lightening or dropping (2 weeks before term); bloody show (mucus plug).
- Onset of labor: changes in the maternal uterus, cervix, and pituitary gland.
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Description
Explore the critical factors affecting labor and birth in this comprehensive quiz on Chapter 13. Learn about the passenger, passageway, powers, maternal position, and psychological responses during childbirth. Assess your understanding of key concepts such as fetal presentation and the anatomy of the birth canal.
