Chapter 12 - Introduction to Genetics Flashcards

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to Lesson

Podcast

Listen to an AI-generated conversation about this lesson
Download our mobile app to listen on the go
Get App

Questions and Answers

What is genetics?

  • The exchange of genes between chromosomes
  • An individual's physical appearance
  • A process in sexual reproduction
  • The scientific study of biological inheritance (correct)

What is fertilization?

Process in sexual reproduction in which male and female reproductive cells join to form a new cell.

What is a trait?

Specific characteristic that varies from one individual to another.

What is a hybrid?

<p>Offspring of crosses between parents with different contrasting characteristics.</p>
Signup and view all the answers

What determines an individual's characteristics?

<p>Factors that are passed from one parental generation to the next.</p>
Signup and view all the answers

What are alleles?

<p>Different forms of a gene.</p>
Signup and view all the answers

What is the principle of dominance?

<p>Mendel's second conclusion, which states that some alleles are dominant and others are recessive.</p>
Signup and view all the answers

What is segregation in genetics?

<p>Separation of alleles during gamete formation.</p>
Signup and view all the answers

What are gametes?

<p>Reproductive cells.</p>
Signup and view all the answers

What is probability in genetics?

<p>Likelihood that a particular event will occur.</p>
Signup and view all the answers

What does homozygous mean?

<p>Having two identical alleles for a particular gene.</p>
Signup and view all the answers

What does heterozygous mean?

<p>Having two different alleles for a particular gene.</p>
Signup and view all the answers

What is a phenotype?

<p>An organism's physical appearance or visible traits.</p>
Signup and view all the answers

What is a genotype?

<p>Genetic makeup.</p>
Signup and view all the answers

What is a Punnett square?

<p>Diagram showing the gene combinations that might result from a genetic cross.</p>
Signup and view all the answers

What is independent assortment?

<p>Independent segregation of genes during the formation of gametes.</p>
Signup and view all the answers

What is incomplete dominance?

<p>Cases in which one allele is not completely dominant over another.</p>
Signup and view all the answers

What is codominance?

<p>Phenotypes produced by both alleles are clearly expressed.</p>
Signup and view all the answers

What are multiple alleles?

<p>A gene that has more than two alleles.</p>
Signup and view all the answers

What is a polygenic trait?

<p>Traits controlled by two or more genes.</p>
Signup and view all the answers

What does homologous refer to in genetics?

<p>Term used to refer to chromosomes in which one set comes from the male parent and one set comes from the female parent.</p>
Signup and view all the answers

What is diploid?

<p>2 sets of homologous chromosomes.</p>
Signup and view all the answers

What is haploid?

<p>An organism or cell having only one complete set of chromosomes.</p>
Signup and view all the answers

What is meiosis?

<p>Process in which the number of chromosomes per cell is cut in half through the separation of homologous chromosomes in a diploid cell.</p>
Signup and view all the answers

What is a tetrad?

<p>Structure containing 4 chromatids that forms during meiosis.</p>
Signup and view all the answers

What is crossing over?

<p>The exchange of genes between homologous chromosomes, resulting in a mixture of parental characteristics in offspring.</p>
Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Genetics

The study of inheritance patterns and variations in living organisms.

Fertilization

The fusion of male and female reproductive cells (gametes) to form a zygote.

Trait

A distinct feature or characteristic of an individual organism.

Hybrid

An organism resulting from a cross between parents with different traits.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Gene

The fundamental unit of heredity responsible for a specific trait.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Allele

Different forms of a gene that determine variations of a trait.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Principle of Dominance

When two different alleles are present, the dominant allele masks the effect of the recessive allele.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Segregation

Allele pairs separate during gamete formation, so each gamete carries only one allele per gene.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Independent Assortment

Genes for different traits are sorted separately from one another during gamete formation.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Gametes

Sex cells (sperm and egg) that contain genetic information.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Homozygous

Having two identical alleles for a particular gene.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Heterozygous

Having two different alleles for a particular gene.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Phenotype

The observable physical and physiological traits of an organism.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Genotype

The genetic makeup of an organism.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Punnett Square

A diagram used to predict the genotypes and phenotypes of offspring from genetic crosses.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Incomplete Dominance

A form of inheritance where one allele is not completely dominant over another, resulting in a blended phenotype.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Codominance

A form of inheritance where both alleles are equally expressed in the phenotype.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Multiple Alleles

A gene that has more than two possible alleles in a population.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Polygenic Trait

A trait controlled by two or more genes.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Homologous Chromosomes

Chromosome pairs of the same length, gene position, and centromere location.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Diploid

A cell containing two sets of chromosomes (2n), one set inherited from each parent.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Haploid

A cell containing a single set of chromosomes (n).

Signup and view all the flashcards

Meiosis

The type of cell division that results in four daughter cells each with half the number of chromosomes of the parent cell.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Tetrad

A group of four chromatids formed during prophase I of meiosis by two homologous chromosomes.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Crossing Over

The exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes during meiosis.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Study Notes

Key Concepts in Genetics

  • Genetics: Study of biological inheritance patterns and variations.
  • Fertilization: Involves the merger of male and female reproductive cells to create a new organism.
  • Trait: Unique characteristics that can differ among individuals.

Genetic Terminology

  • Hybrid: Result of crossing parents with distinct traits, producing diverse offspring.
  • Gene: Fundamental unit of heredity that determines traits passed through generations.
  • Allele: Variants of a gene, leading to different trait expressions.

Mendelian Principles

  • Principle of Dominance: Some alleles are dominant over others, influencing phenotype.
  • Segregation: Alleles separate during gamete formation, ensuring genetic diversity.
  • Independent Assortment: Genes segregate independently during gamete formation.

Genetic Composition

  • Gametes: Reproductive cells that carry genetic information.
  • Homozygous: Condition of having two identical alleles for a specific trait.
  • Heterozygous: Condition of having two different alleles for a specific trait.

Phenotype and Genotype

  • Phenotype: Observable traits of an organism, often influenced by the environment.
  • Genotype: Genetic constitution that determines various traits.

Genetic Tools and Concepts

  • Punnett Square: A diagram that predicts offspring traits and genetic combinations from crosses.
  • Incomplete Dominance: Phenomenon where one allele is not fully dominant, resulting in blended traits.
  • Codominance: Both alleles express their traits fully and distinctly in the phenotype.

Complexity of Genomics

  • Multiple Alleles: A gene can exist in more than two forms, leading to diverse traits.
  • Polygenic Trait: Traits determined by two or more genes, resulting in a range of phenotypes.

Chromosomal Structure

  • Homologous Chromosomes: Chromosomes with maternal and paternal origins, pairing during meiosis.
  • Diploid: Cells containing two complete sets of chromosomes (one from each parent).
  • Haploid: Cells with a single set of chromosomes, essential for sexual reproduction.

Cellular Division

  • Meiosis: Special cell division that reduces chromosome number by half, critical for gamete formation.
  • Tetrad: Four-chromatid structure formed during meiosis, allowing genetic recombination.
  • Crossing Over: Exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes, enhancing genetic variability.

Studying That Suits You

Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

Quiz Team

More Like This

Genetics and its Role in Inheritance and Medicine
6 questions

Genetics and its Role in Inheritance and Medicine

AmusingBowenite9170 avatar
AmusingBowenite9170
Psychology: The Biological Approach Flashcards
16 questions

Psychology: The Biological Approach Flashcards

FeatureRichHazel avatar
FeatureRichHazel
Biology Flashcards: Genetics Terms
14 questions

Biology Flashcards: Genetics Terms

LionheartedBrazilNutTree avatar
LionheartedBrazilNutTree
Introduction to Genetics
21 questions

Introduction to Genetics

ThrivingMonkey8567 avatar
ThrivingMonkey8567
Use Quizgecko on...
Open
Browser
Browser