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Questions and Answers
What is genetics?
What is genetics?
What is fertilization?
What is fertilization?
Process in sexual reproduction in which male and female reproductive cells join to form a new cell.
What is a trait?
What is a trait?
Specific characteristic that varies from one individual to another.
What is a hybrid?
What is a hybrid?
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What determines an individual's characteristics?
What determines an individual's characteristics?
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What are alleles?
What are alleles?
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What is the principle of dominance?
What is the principle of dominance?
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What is segregation in genetics?
What is segregation in genetics?
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What are gametes?
What are gametes?
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What is probability in genetics?
What is probability in genetics?
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What does homozygous mean?
What does homozygous mean?
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What does heterozygous mean?
What does heterozygous mean?
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What is a phenotype?
What is a phenotype?
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What is a genotype?
What is a genotype?
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What is a Punnett square?
What is a Punnett square?
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What is independent assortment?
What is independent assortment?
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What is incomplete dominance?
What is incomplete dominance?
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What is codominance?
What is codominance?
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What are multiple alleles?
What are multiple alleles?
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What is a polygenic trait?
What is a polygenic trait?
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What does homologous refer to in genetics?
What does homologous refer to in genetics?
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What is diploid?
What is diploid?
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What is haploid?
What is haploid?
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What is meiosis?
What is meiosis?
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What is a tetrad?
What is a tetrad?
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What is crossing over?
What is crossing over?
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Study Notes
Key Concepts in Genetics
- Genetics: Study of biological inheritance patterns and variations.
- Fertilization: Involves the merger of male and female reproductive cells to create a new organism.
- Trait: Unique characteristics that can differ among individuals.
Genetic Terminology
- Hybrid: Result of crossing parents with distinct traits, producing diverse offspring.
- Gene: Fundamental unit of heredity that determines traits passed through generations.
- Allele: Variants of a gene, leading to different trait expressions.
Mendelian Principles
- Principle of Dominance: Some alleles are dominant over others, influencing phenotype.
- Segregation: Alleles separate during gamete formation, ensuring genetic diversity.
- Independent Assortment: Genes segregate independently during gamete formation.
Genetic Composition
- Gametes: Reproductive cells that carry genetic information.
- Homozygous: Condition of having two identical alleles for a specific trait.
- Heterozygous: Condition of having two different alleles for a specific trait.
Phenotype and Genotype
- Phenotype: Observable traits of an organism, often influenced by the environment.
- Genotype: Genetic constitution that determines various traits.
Genetic Tools and Concepts
- Punnett Square: A diagram that predicts offspring traits and genetic combinations from crosses.
- Incomplete Dominance: Phenomenon where one allele is not fully dominant, resulting in blended traits.
- Codominance: Both alleles express their traits fully and distinctly in the phenotype.
Complexity of Genomics
- Multiple Alleles: A gene can exist in more than two forms, leading to diverse traits.
- Polygenic Trait: Traits determined by two or more genes, resulting in a range of phenotypes.
Chromosomal Structure
- Homologous Chromosomes: Chromosomes with maternal and paternal origins, pairing during meiosis.
- Diploid: Cells containing two complete sets of chromosomes (one from each parent).
- Haploid: Cells with a single set of chromosomes, essential for sexual reproduction.
Cellular Division
- Meiosis: Special cell division that reduces chromosome number by half, critical for gamete formation.
- Tetrad: Four-chromatid structure formed during meiosis, allowing genetic recombination.
- Crossing Over: Exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes, enhancing genetic variability.
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Description
Test your knowledge with these flashcards covering key concepts from Chapter 12 on genetics. Learn about fundamental terms such as genetics, fertilization, traits, and hybrids. Perfect for students wanting to grasp the basics of biological inheritance.