Chapter 12: Family Flashcards

Questions and Answers

What is endogamy?

Endogamy is marriage to someone within one's social group (race, class, ethnicity, education, religion).

What is exogamy?

Exogamy is marriage to someone from a different social group.

What is monogamy?

Monogamy is the practice of marrying or being in a relationship with only one other.

What is polygamy?

Polygamy is the practice of marrying or being in a relationship with multiple partners. Signup and view all the answers

What is polyandry?

Polyandry is when a female has multiple husbands. Signup and view all the answers

What is polygyny?

Polygyny is a man having multiple wives. Signup and view all the answers

What does the pecking order in families refer to?

Inequality starts at home with a status hierarchy among siblings. Signup and view all the answers

What is meant by a nuclear family?

A nuclear family consists of a father and mother and their biological children. Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of Americans marry at some point in their lives?

90% Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of marriages in the US end in divorce?

40% Signup and view all the answers

Kinship networks are _____

strings of relationships between people related by blood and marriage. Signup and view all the answers

What type of family do Josephine's two new families represent?

A blended family. Signup and view all the answers

In relation to working parents, the second shift can best be defined as _____

the varied domestic tasks that women generally take care of for their families in addition to whatever paid work they do outside the home. Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of a common imbalance in domestic chores between men and women?

Marta does most of the grocery shopping, cooking, and laundry; James mows the lawn, makes his famous chili on special occasions, and cleans out the garage twice a year. Signup and view all the answers

How did the Industrial Revolution affect the division of labor between men and women?

Men began to work outside the home for a wage, while women stayed at home to manage the household and raise children. Signup and view all the answers

How has the sharing of domestic responsibilities between men and women changed as women have joined the workforce?

Women still take on a greater share of domestic tasks than their male partners. Signup and view all the answers

What does the nuclear family consist of?

A father, mother, and their biological children. Signup and view all the answers

According to welfare critics, ________ sets in with many welfare recipients.

a cycle of dependency Signup and view all the answers

What additional responsibilities might working women face that put a strain on marriage?

The second shift. Signup and view all the answers

What is a civil union?

A legally recognized union that offers similar state-provided legal rights and benefits as marriage. Signup and view all the answers

How does the welfare system trap women who want to move off welfare rolls?

Most women face lower earnings and fewer benefits when they move from welfare to work. Signup and view all the answers

In 2003, which minority group passed African Americans as the largest minority group in the United States?

Latinos. Signup and view all the answers

What does the distribution of chores among the Tobachnik family's children demonstrate?

How gender roles are learned at home. Signup and view all the answers

What factor contributed to the development of the ideal traditional family in post-World War II America?

Government housing subsidies. Signup and view all the answers

How did social scientists in the 1960s view the strong role held by women in many African American families?

As a negative characteristic that served to emasculate black men and ultimately increase social problems. Signup and view all the answers

What has been the trend of the divorce rate in the United States?

It has been rising steadily since the nineteenth century. Signup and view all the answers

Talcott Parsons's functionalist approach to sociology emphasized that the traditional family was necessary because it fulfilled society's need for _____

productive workers (fathers) and child rearers (women). Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of a cultural norm that affects how people choose a romantic or life partner?

In the United States, first cousins may not marry. Signup and view all the answers

What are characteristics of the preindustrial family?

Families produced the food, clothing, and other goods they needed to survive. Signup and view all the answers

What is the general consensus among sociologists about the effects of divorce on children?

There is no consensus amongst sociologists; study findings vary widely. Signup and view all the answers

_____ is marriage outside one's social group.

Exogamy Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Family Structures and Definitions

Endogamy: Marriage within one's social group (race, class, ethnicity, education, religion).
Exogamy: Marriage to someone from a different social group.
Monogamy: Engaging in a relationship with only one partner at a time.
Polygamy: Engaging in relationships with multiple partners simultaneously.
Polyandry: A rare practice where one woman has multiple husbands.
Polygyny: A more common practice where one man has multiple wives.

Family Dynamics

Pecking Order: Familial hierarchy among siblings can lead to competition and resentment, indicating inherent inequality within the family structure.
Nuclear Family: Consists of a father and mother along with their biological children, forming the traditional family unit.
Extended Family: Encompasses familial relations beyond the nuclear family, including relatives such as grandparents and cousins.

Marital and Sociological Statistics

Marriage Rates: Approximately 90% of Americans marry at some point in their lives.
Divorce Rates: About 40% of marriages in the U.S. end in divorce.

Kinship and Family Types

Kinship Networks: Relationships between individuals related by blood or marriage.
Blended Family: Formed when parents remarry and bring children from previous relationships, creating a family with diverse parental backgrounds.

Domestic Responsibilities and Gender Roles

Second Shift: Refers to the unpaid domestic work women manage after returning from paid employment, creating additional burdens.
Inequalities in Domestic Labor: Research shows women often shoulder a disproportionate share of household responsibilities compared to men.
Impact of the Industrial Revolution: Shifted labor dynamics; men began working for wages outside the home while women primarily managed domestic duties without pay.

Economic Factors and Marriage

Dependency Cycle: Critics argue that reliance on welfare can create a dependency that discourages recipients from seeking employment.
Strain on Marriage: Dual-income households may increase stress on relationships due to the added domestic responsibilities women face.

Legal and Cultural Considerations

Civil Union: A legally recognized partnership providing similar rights and benefits as marriage.
Cultural Norms: Societal rules, such as prohibiting marriages between first cousins, shape partner selection.

Post-WWII Family Ideals: Government housing subsidies contributed to the development of the traditional family structure.
Role of Women in African American Families: Social scientists in the 1960s viewed strong female leadership negatively, linking it to social challenges in communities.
Divorce Trends: The divorce rate in the U.S. has been steadily rising since the 19th century.

Sociological Theories

Functionalism: Talcott Parsons viewed the traditional family as vital for industrial society, providing productive workers and caretakers for children.
Preindustrial Families: Families were largely self-sufficient, producing their own food, clothing, and goods.

Child Development and Divorce

Divorce Effects on Children: Sociologists have varying opinions on the impact of divorce on child development, indicating a lack of consensus in findings.

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Description

Test your knowledge of family-related terms in this quiz based on Chapter 12. Terms include endogamy, exogamy, monogamy, and polygamy. Suitable for students studying sociology or family dynamics.