Chapter 11: Revolution of 1800

Chapter 11: Revolution of 1800 and Beyond

• Revolution of 1800: Peaceful transfer of power from Adams (Federalist) to Jefferson (Democratic-Republican). Shift towards agricultural society and states' rights. Established a separate ballot for vice presidents (12th Amendment) due to an election tie.

• Judiciary Act of 1801 and Midnight Judges: The outgoing Federalist Congress created positions for federal judges (Midnight Judges) in Adam's final days to influence the judiciary. Jefferson's Democratic-Republican Congress repealed this act.

• Marbury v. Madison: William Marbury, a Midnight Judge, was denied his commission by Jefferson's Secretary of State, James Madison. Chief Justice John Marshall ruled in favor of Marbury, establishing the principle of judicial review – the Supreme Court's authority to determine the constitutionality of laws. This greatly increased the judicial branch's power.

• Haitian Revolution: The only successful slave revolt in history. This impacted Napoleon's plans for reestablishing French Empire as he was unable to reconquer Haiti.

• Louisiana Purchase: Napoleon sold Louisiana Territory to the US (15 million). This doubled the size of the U.S. but was viewed by Jefferson as a stretch of his constitutional powers. Had the land been held by France, recent conflict with Britain could have caused tensions.

• Corps of Discovery and Sacagawea: Lewis and Clark's expedition (Corps of Discovery) explored the Louisiana Purchase, charting the land and its features. Sacagawea acted as translator and mediator with Native American tribes for peaceful relations, aiding in procuring needed supplies .

• Impressment: The British Navy would forcibly draft American sailors into the British Navy. This greatly angered Americans.

• Chesapeake-Leopard Affair: British ship Leopard attacked American ship Chesapeake, killing Americans. Further escalated tensions with Britain.

• Embargo Act: Congress enacted this act to prevent British interference in U.S. trade and avoid war. It forbade the export of all American goods. The Embargo Act ultimately hurt the U.S. economy.

• Non-Intercourse Act: Reopened American trade, but excluded Britain and France from trade.

• Macon's Bill No. 2: If either Britain or France agreed to stop interfering with American trade, the U.S. would impose restrictions on the other. Napoleon quickly accepted, and the U.S. re-imposed restrictions on Britain. This ended U.S neutrality.

• War Hawks: New members of Congress (12th Congress) who supported war with Britain called "War Hawks" due to their aggressive stance on disputes with Britain.

• Battle of Tippecanoe: American general William Henry Harrison defeated a Native American coalition led by Tecumseh, paving his way to fame.

• Sally Hemings: Enslaved woman thought to have had a long-term relationship with President Thomas Jefferson.

• Aaron Burr: Tied with Jefferson in the 1800 election for VP, ultimately decided by the House of Representatives. Burr later killed Alexander Hamilton in a duel and was tried for treason for his later plots against the US, found not guilty.

Chapter 12: War of 1812

• War of 1812 Causes & Effects: Causes included War Hawks, impressment, and Madison's desire to restore American confidence. Effects included nationalism, establishing U.S. as a global power, a longer-term self-sufficient economy, and the "American System." Officially ended by the Treaty of Ghent.

• Battle of New Orleans & Andrew Jackson: Took place after the war formally ended, but still a major victory for America led by Andrew Jackson, catapulting him to national fame.

• Hartford Convention: New England Federalists unhappy with the War of 1812's impact on trade met secretly in Hartford, Connecticut.