Questions and Answers
What is the major function of the cardiovascular system?
transportation
__________ _________ transports oxygen, nutrients, cell wastes, hormones, and many other substances that are vital for body homeostasis to and from the cells; its transport vehicle is blood.
cardiovascular system
The double sac of serous membrane, the _________, encloses the heart. The two membranes are the ____________, the visceral pericardium, that hugs the external surface of the heart, and the ____________ ____________, that protects the heart and anchors it to the surrounding structures.
pericardium, epicardium, fibrous pericardium
Layer of the heart wall: __________ hugs the external surface of the heart.
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Layer of the heart wall: ___________ contains cardiac muscle, contracts & contains the 'skeleton of the heart'.
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Layer of the heart wall: ___________ is the endothelium that lines the heart chamber.
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The heart chambers: 2 __________ are the superior receiving chambers.
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The heart chambers: 2 __________ are the inferior discharging chambers, known as 'the pumps'.
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The ____________ divides the heart longitudinally.
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From the right side of the heart to the lungs and back to the left side of the heart (start blood travel).
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The right side of the heart receives deoxygenated blood through the ___________ and ___________ ___________ ___________.
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Which vessels carry blood to the lungs, where oxygen is picked up and carbon dioxide is unloaded?
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What veins return oxygen-rich blood from the lungs to the left side of the heart?
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What is the second circuit of blood flow, from the left side of the heart through the body tissues and back to the right side of the heart?
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Blood returned to the left side of the heart from the lungs is pumped out through the ___________.
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Located between the atrial and ventricular chambers on each side, what prevents backflow into the atria when the ventricles contract?
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What is the bicuspid or mitral valve on the left side of the heart called?
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What is the right AV valve with three flaps called?
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What are 'heart strings'?
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What guards the bases of the two large arteries leaving the ventricle chambers?
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Name the semilunar valves.
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What supplies blood that oxygenates and nourishes the heart?
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What occurs when the myocardium is deprived of oxygen, often resulting in crushing chest pain?
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"Heart attack" or "coronary" refers to what?
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How much blood is in the body?
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The heart pumps the blood through the body over ________ times a day.
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What is built into the heart tissue and sets its basic rhythm?
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What is the normal contraction rate of the heart?
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What is the highest rate of depolarization in the whole system called?
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What is referred to as a rapid heart rate?
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What is heart rate that is substantially slower than normal called?
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What phase refers to when the heart contracts?
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What phase refers to when the heart relaxes?
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What does the cardiac cycle refer to?
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The heart sounds are described as "lub" and "dup". The sequence is lub-dup, pause; lub-dup, pause; and so on. Lub is caused by the _______________ closing; dup is caused by _____________ closing at the end of _____________.
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What is the amount of blood pumped out by each side of the heart in one minute called?
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What is the volume of blood pumped out by a ventricle with each heartbeat called?
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What condition occurs when the heart is nearly 'worn out' due to age or disease and pumps weakly?
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What condition is caused by blood vessels within the lungs becoming swollen with blood, leading to suffocation if untreated?
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What is defined as when blood circulates inside the blood vessels, forming a closed transport system?
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What is the path of blood flow through the systemic vascular system in order, starting with the blood's exit from the heart?
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Arteries carry blood __________.
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Veins drain the tissues, and bring blood __________.
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It is only through the capillary walls that exchange between the _________ __________ and the __________ can occur.
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Why do diagrams show arteries red?
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Why do diagrams show veins blue?
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________________________ are so thick because their tunica media tends to be much heavier and must be able to expand when the blood enters.
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What vessel experiences the most pressure?
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The pressure in _________ tends to be too low to force the blood back to the heart.
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Large veins have ________________ that prevent the backflow of blood.
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________________ also enhances venous return (the return of blood to the heart).
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Capillaries are only __________ cell layers thick.
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The vascular shunt bypasses the true capillaries when precapillary sphincters are controlling blood; entry into the true capillaries is constricted.
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What is the flow of blood from an arteriole to a venule called?
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What condition is common in people who stand for long periods of time and in obese individuals, causing pooling of blood in the feet and legs?
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In adults, what is the size of the aorta in terms of internal diameter?
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The veins draining the _______ and ________ empty into the _________.
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The veins draining the _________ _________ empty into _________.
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A lack of blood flow to the brain for even a few minutes causes __________________________________________________.
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What arteries supply the brain?
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What carries blood rich in nutrients and oxygen to the fetus?
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What carries carbon dioxide and debris-laden blood from the fetus?
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What are blood pressure measurements, along with respiratory rate and body temperature, called?
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What alternating expansion and recoil of an artery occurs with each beat of the left ventricle?
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What are points that are compressed to stop blood flow into distal tissues during hemorrhage?
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What is the pressure the blood exerts against the inner walls of the blood vessel?
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The pressure difference between ___________ and __________ is clear when the vessels are cut.
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What is the pressure in the arteries at the peak of ventricular contraction called?
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What is the pressure when the ventricles are relaxing called?
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What is the major action of the sympathetic nerves on the vascular system that increases blood pressure?
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In normal adults, what is the typical systolic blood pressure range?
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In normal adults, what is the typical diastolic pressure range?
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What is low blood pressure called (below 100 mmHg)?
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What pathological condition refers to sustained elevated arterial pressure of 149/90 or higher?
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Hypertension accelerates the progress of ____________.
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Substances that exit capillaries or cells must pass through ____________ to get to each other.
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What week of pregnancy is the heart pumping blood?
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List 3 benefits of aerobic activity: __________ becomes a more powerful pump; clears _______ ________ from the blood vessel walls; and ______ ______ and ________ ________ decrease.
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What is it called when the roughening of the vessel walls encourages thrombus formation?
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Study Notes
Cardiovascular System
- Major function: transportation of oxygen, nutrients, waste products, hormones, and substances essential for homeostasis.
- Comprised of the cardiovascular system, which utilizes blood as its transport medium.
Heart Structure
-
Pericardium: Double serous membrane enclosing the heart; consists of:
- Epicardium: Visceral layer hugging the heart surface.
- Fibrous pericardium: Outer protective layer anchoring the heart.
- Heart wall layers:
- Epicardium: Outer layer covering the heart.
- Myocardium: Middle layer containing cardiac muscle; responsible for heart contractions.
- Endocardium: Inner layer of endothelium lining heart chambers.
Heart Chambers
- Atria: Two superior chambers that receive blood.
- Ventricles: Two inferior chambers that function as pumps.
- Interventricular and interatrial septa divide heart chambers longitudinally.
Blood Circulation
-
Pulmonary circulation: Route from the heart to the lungs and back, involving:
- Right side receives deoxygenated blood via superior and inferior vena cava.
- Pulmonary arteries transport blood to lungs for oxygenation.
- Pulmonary veins return oxygen-rich blood to the left heart.
- Systemic circulation: Route from the left heart through body tissues and back to the right heart.
Valves and Heart Function
-
Atrioventricular (AV) valves: Prevent backflow into atria during ventricular contraction.
- Left AV (Mitral) valve: Bicuspid with two flaps.
- Right AV (Tricuspid) valve: Three flaps.
- Semilunar valves: Located at the bases of large arteries to prevent backflow.
- Chordae tendineae: "Heart strings" that anchor valve flaps.
Blood Pressure and Heart Rates
- Average blood volume in the body: approximately 6 quarts.
- Heart pumps blood around 1000 times daily.
- Normal heart rate: about 75 beats per minute; tachycardia indicates a rapid heart rate, bradycardia refers to a slow heart rate.
- Blood pressure mechanics:
- Systolic pressure: Peak pressure during ventricular contraction.
- Diastolic pressure: Pressure when ventricles are relaxed.
Cardiac Output
- Cardiac output: Amount of blood pumped by each side of the heart per minute; product of heart rate and stroke volume.
- Stroke volume: Volume of blood ejected per heartbeat.
Heart Conditions
- Angina pectoris: Chest pain from reduced oxygen supply to myocardium.
- Myocardial infarction: Heart attack due to blocked blood flow.
- Congestive heart failure: Heart's ability to pump weakens, often due to age or disease.
- Pulmonary edema: Caused by blood vessel swelling in the lungs, leading to fluid leaks.
Vascular System
- Blood circulation through vessels is closed: arteries carry blood away from the heart, and veins transport it back.
- Structures such as valves in veins prevent backflow, aided by skeletal muscle activity.
- Capillaries facilitate nutrient and gas exchange between tissue cells and blood due to their thin walls.
Blood Vessel Characteristics
- Arteries: Thick walls due to strong tunica media; experience high pressure.
- Veins: Lower pressure; larger veins possess valves to aid blood return.
- Capillaries: One cell layer thick, allowing efficient exchange of substances.
Blood Pressure Dynamics
- Normal adult blood pressure ranges from 110-140 mm Hg systolic and 75-80 mm Hg diastolic.
- Hypotension: Low blood pressure below 100 mm Hg.
- Hypertension: Sustained elevated blood pressure (149/90 or higher); known as the "silent killer".
Other Heart Facts
- Brain irritation from a lack of blood flow can result in fatal cell death.
- The fetal vascular connection involves one umbilical vein supplying oxygen and two arteries carrying waste back.
Benefits of Aerobic Activity
- Increases heart strength and efficiency, reduces arterial fatty deposits, lowers resting pulse rate and blood pressure.
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Test your knowledge about the anatomy of the heart with these flashcards from Chapter 11 on the circulatory system. Each card includes essential terminology and definitions that are fundamental to understanding cardiac function and the cardiovascular system. Perfect for revision and learning!