Chapter 11: Circulatory System Flashcards

Questions and Answers

What is the major function of the cardiovascular system?

transportation

__ _ transports oxygen, nutrients, cell wastes, hormones, and many other substances that are vital for body homeostasis to and from the cells; its transport vehicle is blood.

cardiovascular system

The double sac of serous membrane, the _, encloses the heart. The two membranes are the , the visceral pericardium, that hugs the external surface of the heart, and the ____, that protects the heart and anchors it to the surrounding structures.

pericardium, epicardium, fibrous pericardium

Layer of the heart wall: __________ hugs the external surface of the heart.

epicardium Signup and view all the answers

Layer of the heart wall: ___________ contains cardiac muscle, contracts & contains the 'skeleton of the heart'.

myocardium Signup and view all the answers

Layer of the heart wall: ___________ is the endothelium that lines the heart chamber.

endocardium Signup and view all the answers

The heart chambers: 2 __________ are the superior receiving chambers.

atria Signup and view all the answers

The heart chambers: 2 __________ are the inferior discharging chambers, known as 'the pumps'.

ventricles Signup and view all the answers

The ____________ divides the heart longitudinally.

interventricular or interatrial septum Signup and view all the answers

From the right side of the heart to the lungs and back to the left side of the heart (start blood travel).

Pulmonary circulation Signup and view all the answers

The right side of the heart receives deoxygenated blood through the _____ and _ _ _____.

superior, inferior vena cava Signup and view all the answers

Which vessels carry blood to the lungs, where oxygen is picked up and carbon dioxide is unloaded?

pulmonary arteries Signup and view all the answers

What veins return oxygen-rich blood from the lungs to the left side of the heart?

pulmonary veins Signup and view all the answers

What is the second circuit of blood flow, from the left side of the heart through the body tissues and back to the right side of the heart?

systemic circulation Signup and view all the answers

Blood returned to the left side of the heart from the lungs is pumped out through the ___________.

aorta Signup and view all the answers

Located between the atrial and ventricular chambers on each side, what prevents backflow into the atria when the ventricles contract?

atrioventricular valves (AV) Signup and view all the answers

What is the bicuspid or mitral valve on the left side of the heart called?

left AV valve Signup and view all the answers

What is the right AV valve with three flaps called?

right AV valve Signup and view all the answers

What are 'heart strings'?

chordae tendineae Signup and view all the answers

What guards the bases of the two large arteries leaving the ventricle chambers?

semilunar valves Signup and view all the answers

Name the semilunar valves.

pulmonary aortic semilunar valves Signup and view all the answers

What supplies blood that oxygenates and nourishes the heart?

coronary arteries Signup and view all the answers

What occurs when the myocardium is deprived of oxygen, often resulting in crushing chest pain?

angina pectoris Signup and view all the answers

"Heart attack" or "coronary" refers to what?

myocardial infarction Signup and view all the answers

How much blood is in the body?

6 quarts Signup and view all the answers

The heart pumps the blood through the body over ________ times a day.

1000 Signup and view all the answers

What is built into the heart tissue and sets its basic rhythm?

intrinsic conduction system or nodal system Signup and view all the answers

What is the normal contraction rate of the heart?

75 beats per minute Signup and view all the answers

What is the highest rate of depolarization in the whole system called?

sinoatrial node or pacemaker Signup and view all the answers

What is referred to as a rapid heart rate?

tachycardia Signup and view all the answers

What is heart rate that is substantially slower than normal called?

bradycardia Signup and view all the answers

What phase refers to when the heart contracts?

systole Signup and view all the answers

What phase refers to when the heart relaxes?

diastole Signup and view all the answers

What does the cardiac cycle refer to?

the events of one complete heartbeat Signup and view all the answers

The heart sounds are described as "lub" and "dup". The sequence is lub-dup, pause; lub-dup, pause; and so on. Lub is caused by the _________ closing; dup is caused by _ closing at the end of _______.

AV valves, semilunar valves, systole Signup and view all the answers

What is the amount of blood pumped out by each side of the heart in one minute called?

cardiac output Signup and view all the answers

What is the volume of blood pumped out by a ventricle with each heartbeat called?

stroke volume Signup and view all the answers

What condition occurs when the heart is nearly 'worn out' due to age or disease and pumps weakly?

congestive heart failure Signup and view all the answers

What condition is caused by blood vessels within the lungs becoming swollen with blood, leading to suffocation if untreated?

pulmonary edema Signup and view all the answers

What is defined as when blood circulates inside the blood vessels, forming a closed transport system?

vascular system Signup and view all the answers

What is the path of blood flow through the systemic vascular system in order, starting with the blood's exit from the heart?

arteries, arterioles, capillary beds, venules, and veins Signup and view all the answers

Arteries carry blood __________.

away from the heart Signup and view all the answers

Veins drain the tissues, and bring blood __________.

back to the heart Signup and view all the answers

It is only through the capillary walls that exchange between the _ and the ____ can occur.

tissue cells, blood Signup and view all the answers

Why do diagrams show arteries red?

oxygen-rich Signup and view all the answers

Why do diagrams show veins blue?

de-oxygenated (oxygen depleted, carbon-dioxide-rich blood) Signup and view all the answers

________________________ are so thick because their tunica media tends to be much heavier and must be able to expand when the blood enters.

walls of arteries Signup and view all the answers

What vessel experiences the most pressure?

large arteries Signup and view all the answers

The pressure in _________ tends to be too low to force the blood back to the heart.

veins Signup and view all the answers

Large veins have ________________ that prevent the backflow of blood.

valves Signup and view all the answers

________________ also enhances venous return (the return of blood to the heart).

skeletal muscle activity Signup and view all the answers

Capillaries are only __________ cell layers thick.

one Signup and view all the answers

The vascular shunt bypasses the true capillaries when precapillary sphincters are controlling blood; entry into the true capillaries is constricted.

capillary beds Signup and view all the answers

What is the flow of blood from an arteriole to a venule called?

microcirculation Signup and view all the answers

What condition is common in people who stand for long periods of time and in obese individuals, causing pooling of blood in the feet and legs?

varicose veins Signup and view all the answers

In adults, what is the size of the aorta in terms of internal diameter?

size of a garden hose (size of a thumb) Signup and view all the answers

The veins draining the _ and empty into the ___.

head, arms, svc Signup and view all the answers

The veins draining the _____ _ empty into _____.

lower body, ivc Signup and view all the answers

A lack of blood flow to the brain for even a few minutes causes __________________________________________________.

brain cells to die Signup and view all the answers

What arteries supply the brain?

internal carotid, vertebral Signup and view all the answers

What carries blood rich in nutrients and oxygen to the fetus?

one large umbilical vein Signup and view all the answers

What carries carbon dioxide and debris-laden blood from the fetus?

two smaller umbilical arteries Signup and view all the answers

What are blood pressure measurements, along with respiratory rate and body temperature, called?

vital signs Signup and view all the answers

What alternating expansion and recoil of an artery occurs with each beat of the left ventricle?

pulse Signup and view all the answers

What are points that are compressed to stop blood flow into distal tissues during hemorrhage?

pressure points Signup and view all the answers

What is the pressure the blood exerts against the inner walls of the blood vessel?

blood pressure Signup and view all the answers

The pressure difference between _ and is clear when the vessels are cut.

arteries, veins Signup and view all the answers

What is the pressure in the arteries at the peak of ventricular contraction called?

systolic pressure Signup and view all the answers

What is the pressure when the ventricles are relaxing called?

diastolic pressure Signup and view all the answers

What is the major action of the sympathetic nerves on the vascular system that increases blood pressure?

vasoconstriction Signup and view all the answers

In normal adults, what is the typical systolic blood pressure range?

110-140 mm Hg Signup and view all the answers

In normal adults, what is the typical diastolic pressure range?

75-80 mm Hg Signup and view all the answers

What is low blood pressure called (below 100 mmHg)?

hypotension Signup and view all the answers

What pathological condition refers to sustained elevated arterial pressure of 149/90 or higher?

persistent hypertension (the silent killer) Signup and view all the answers

Hypertension accelerates the progress of ____________.

atherosclerosis Signup and view all the answers

Substances that exit capillaries or cells must pass through ____________ to get to each other.

interstitial fluid (tissue fluid) Signup and view all the answers

What week of pregnancy is the heart pumping blood?

4th Signup and view all the answers

List 3 benefits of aerobic activity: ______ becomes a more powerful pump; clears _ from the blood vessel walls; and and __ decrease.

heart, fatty deposits, pulse rate, blood pressure Signup and view all the answers

What is it called when the roughening of the vessel walls encourages thrombus formation?

coronary heart disease Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Cardiovascular System

Major function: transportation of oxygen, nutrients, waste products, hormones, and substances essential for homeostasis.
Comprised of the cardiovascular system, which utilizes blood as its transport medium.

Heart Structure

Pericardium: Double serous membrane enclosing the heart; consists of:
- Epicardium: Visceral layer hugging the heart surface.
- Fibrous pericardium: Outer protective layer anchoring the heart.
Heart wall layers:
- Epicardium: Outer layer covering the heart.
- Myocardium: Middle layer containing cardiac muscle; responsible for heart contractions.
- Endocardium: Inner layer of endothelium lining heart chambers.

Heart Chambers

Atria: Two superior chambers that receive blood.
Ventricles: Two inferior chambers that function as pumps.
Interventricular and interatrial septa divide heart chambers longitudinally.

Blood Circulation

Pulmonary circulation: Route from the heart to the lungs and back, involving:
- Right side receives deoxygenated blood via superior and inferior vena cava.
- Pulmonary arteries transport blood to lungs for oxygenation.
- Pulmonary veins return oxygen-rich blood to the left heart.
Systemic circulation: Route from the left heart through body tissues and back to the right heart.

Valves and Heart Function

Atrioventricular (AV) valves: Prevent backflow into atria during ventricular contraction.
- Left AV (Mitral) valve: Bicuspid with two flaps.
- Right AV (Tricuspid) valve: Three flaps.
Semilunar valves: Located at the bases of large arteries to prevent backflow.
Chordae tendineae: "Heart strings" that anchor valve flaps.

Blood Pressure and Heart Rates

Average blood volume in the body: approximately 6 quarts.
Heart pumps blood around 1000 times daily.
Normal heart rate: about 75 beats per minute; tachycardia indicates a rapid heart rate, bradycardia refers to a slow heart rate.
Blood pressure mechanics:
- Systolic pressure: Peak pressure during ventricular contraction.
- Diastolic pressure: Pressure when ventricles are relaxed.

Cardiac Output

Cardiac output: Amount of blood pumped by each side of the heart per minute; product of heart rate and stroke volume.
Stroke volume: Volume of blood ejected per heartbeat.

Heart Conditions

Angina pectoris: Chest pain from reduced oxygen supply to myocardium.
Myocardial infarction: Heart attack due to blocked blood flow.
Congestive heart failure: Heart's ability to pump weakens, often due to age or disease.
Pulmonary edema: Caused by blood vessel swelling in the lungs, leading to fluid leaks.

Vascular System

Blood circulation through vessels is closed: arteries carry blood away from the heart, and veins transport it back.
Structures such as valves in veins prevent backflow, aided by skeletal muscle activity.
Capillaries facilitate nutrient and gas exchange between tissue cells and blood due to their thin walls.

Blood Vessel Characteristics

Arteries: Thick walls due to strong tunica media; experience high pressure.
Veins: Lower pressure; larger veins possess valves to aid blood return.
Capillaries: One cell layer thick, allowing efficient exchange of substances.

Blood Pressure Dynamics

Normal adult blood pressure ranges from 110-140 mm Hg systolic and 75-80 mm Hg diastolic.
Hypotension: Low blood pressure below 100 mm Hg.
Hypertension: Sustained elevated blood pressure (149/90 or higher); known as the "silent killer".

Other Heart Facts

Brain irritation from a lack of blood flow can result in fatal cell death.
The fetal vascular connection involves one umbilical vein supplying oxygen and two arteries carrying waste back.

Benefits of Aerobic Activity

Increases heart strength and efficiency, reduces arterial fatty deposits, lowers resting pulse rate and blood pressure.

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Description

Test your knowledge about the anatomy of the heart with these flashcards from Chapter 11 on the circulatory system. Each card includes essential terminology and definitions that are fundamental to understanding cardiac function and the cardiovascular system. Perfect for revision and learning!