Chapter 11: Abstract Data Types and Encapsulation

A simplified representation of an entity, focusing only on essential characteristics.

A user-defined data type with hidden representation and defined operations. Its implementation is separate from its use.

Mechanism that controls access to data; protecting and modifying the data without affecting other parts of the code.

Combining data and procedures that act upon the data within a programmatic unit, hiding the internal workings of an entity

Preventing direct access to the internal structure of data, ensuring data integrity.

Ability of the data to keep its integrity by hiding its representation, preventing unintentional changes from outside.

Efficiently structuring the data in the codebase, making it easier to manage and modify.

ADT's help change individual components without affecting others in a program.

A user-defined data type that groups data members (variables) and member functions (operations) together.

A mechanism to protect internal data and operations of a class by declaring some data members and methods as private.

A special member function that initializes the data members of a class's object when an object is created.

Values passed to a constructor to customize the initial state of an object.

A special member function called when an object is destroyed. Often used to reclaim dynamically allocated memory.

Public, private, and protected keywords in C++ used to control how class members are accessed from outside the class.

Objects created on the stack, allocated when the function using the object is called.

Objects created on the heap, allocated using the new keyword, and deallocated manually.

Protecting internal data and operations of a C++ class using access specifiers (private, public, protected). Only designated elements are visible and accessible outside the class.

A special function in a C++ class that initializes the data members of an object when it is created. It doesn't create the object itself but sets its starting state.

A special function in a C++ class that cleans up the object when it's no longer needed. It often reclaims resources, especially dynamically allocated memory.

A C++ class access specifier that restricts access to class members from outside the class.

A C++ class access specifier that allows access to class members from anywhere.

A simplified representation of an entity that only includes the most important features.

A way of organizing code that hides the details of how data is stored and manipulated, only allowing access through defined operations.

Data abstraction improves code reliability, reduces complexity, promotes organization, and simplifies modification.

1. Data representation is hidden. 2. All operations and definitions are in one unit.

Because data representation is hidden, changes to implementation won't affect user code.

It makes code easier to manage, modify, and reuse because all related parts are in one place.

A way to encapsulate data types, make them visible to others, and define primitive operations.

Combining data and operations that work on that data into a single unit, hiding the internal details.

A data structure representing a collection of elements, where the last element added is the first to be removed (LIFO). Operations include adding (push), removing (pop), and checking emptiness.

A Stack ADT efficiently handles customer orders by storing them in a LIFO order. New orders are pushed onto the stack, and processed orders are popped off.

The 'push' operation adds a new element (order ID) to the top of the stack, making it the most recent element.

The 'pop' operation removes and returns the top (most recent) element from the stack. If the stack is empty, it returns an error.

The 'empty' method checks if the stack is empty. It returns 'true' if the stack has no elements and 'false' otherwise.

The code defines a 'OrderStack' class with methods like 'push', 'pop', and 'empty' to manage customer orders using a fixed-size array.

The provided code uses a fixed-size array, which can limit the number of orders. Also, it doesn't handle error situations gracefully.

Using dynamic resizing or linked lists can allow managing more orders. Additional features like logging and notifications can enhance usability.

Combining data (like variables) and the methods that operate on that data within a single unit, hiding the internal workings.

Checking temperature values before storing them to make sure they are within a realistic range.

Special methods in C# that control access to data, often including validation to ensure data integrity.

A stack data structure designed to store any type of data, making it flexible for different situations.

A class in C++ that can be used with different data types, making it reusable and adaptable.

The actions allowed on a stack data structure, like pushing (adding) an item or popping (removing) an item.

Ensuring that data is accurate and reliable, often achieved through validation and controlled access.

A library management system uses a stack to track recently borrowed books, allowing librarians to quickly see the most recent book borrowed.

Abstract Data Types provide a way to structure and manage data with defined operations, ensuring data integrity and reliable performance.

A data structure where the last item added is the first to be removed, like a stack of plates.

A data structure where elements are added and removed from the top, following a Last-In-First-Out (LIFO) order.

A class that implements a Stack ADT to manage customer orders using an array.

Adds a new order to the top of the stack, making it the most recent order.

Removes and returns the most recent order from the top of the stack.

Checks if the stack is empty (has no orders).

Adjusting the size of the data structure (like the array) as needed, to handle a larger number of orders.

A data structure that allows for flexible growth, where each element points to the next element, instead of a fixed array.

Ensuring that data is accurate and reliable. This is often achieved by using validation and controlled data access.

Checking data before storing it to ensure it's valid and within acceptable limits.

Actions allowed on a stack data structure, such as pushing (adding) an element, popping (removing) an element, and checking if the stack is empty.

A library management system uses a stack to track recently borrowed books, allowing librarians to quickly see the most recent book borrowed.

Encapsulation protects the internal implementation of an ADT, allowing modifications without affecting existing code that uses it. It promotes data integrity and enhances code maintainability.