Chapter 1 Study Resources

Chapter 1 – Study Resources

• Bretton Woods refers to the international economic system established post-1945.
• Aims of Bretton Woods are to promote peace and prosperity through free trade, and exchange rate stability.
• BRIC is an acronym that represents Brazil, Russia, India, and China.
• The BRIC acronym reflects the increasing global influence of these nations.
• The Cold War was primarily a conflict of words and ideas.
• Lasted from the late 1940s to the late 1980s and involved the United States, the Soviet Union, and their respective allies.
• Great Power means a state possessing significant military strength along with continental or global interests.
• Imperialism is a policy, usually governmental.
• Aims to extend power and influence through diplomacy, economic measures, or military actions.
• Modern refers to present or contemporary times.
• Term can be associated with history, technology, social norms, culture, and the arts.
• Colonialism is the occupation and control of foreign territories.
• Achieved through settlement, economic exploitation, or strategic interests.
• Decolonization is the process of dismantling colonial structures.
• Undermines ideas of colonial control by one state or community over another.
• Glocalization describes political, economic, and social systems.
• Glocalization has evolved to a logical and conclusive final state.
• Multipolarity refers to an international system with three or more power centers or key actors.
• Current candidates for this include the United States, China, the European Union, and India.
• Neo-imperialism involves powerful actors exerting influence on less powerful ones.
• Done by demanding changes or concessions.
• North & South are shorthand terms for 'developed' and 'developing' societies and economies.
• They are often located in the northern and southern halves of the world, respectively.
• Term is often used with the adjective "global".
• Superpower indicates a state's global activity and capacity.
• Often demonstrated in a military sense.
• Third World was a term used in the late 20th century.
• Used to describe emerging Asian, African, Middle Eastern, and Latin American states.
• West associates with Europe and communities of European settlement and invasion.
• Distinguished from Eastern ideas associated with Asia, including China, Japan, and India.
• Westphalian System is a modern state system that emerged from the 1648 Peace of Westphalia.
• Based on the sovereignty of states and political self-determination.
• World War signifies military conflict.
• Involves many states in different parts of the world.

Chapter 3 – Study Resources

• Digital citizenship involves using information technology.
• Aims to engage with politics, government, society, and community.
• Digital divide refers to unequal access to information and communication technology.
• Occurs between individuals, communities, geographic areas, or countries.
• Digital revolution involves generating, storing, and processing digital information.
• Also involves new online opportunities in commerce, education, and politics.
• Disinformation is misleading, false, or biased information.
• Spread with the deliberate intent to mislead (differs from misinformation).
• Echo Chamber is a metaphor.
• Describes how ideas circulate within a closed system, amplified by repetition.
• Ecotourism caters to visitors.
• Experiencing natural areas without harming local people or ecosystems.
• Fact denotes something known or proven to be real or true.
• Global Village is a metaphor.
• Electronic media has reduced the size of the world and strengthened human connections.
• Internet refers to the global system of computer networks.
• Connected through standardized communication protocols, carries services (World Wide Web, email).
• Internet of things integrates physical and digital elements.
• Ex: power grids, smart cars, and smart homes.
• Mass media constitutes communication channels.
• Television, radio, and websites that reach a large number of people.
• Post-truth describes the diminishing importance of objective facts and evidence.
• Values, emotions, and beliefs are becoming more influential.
• Propaganda is information designed to promote an agenda.
• Aims to alter beliefs and feelings.
• Science is the systematic study of the physical, natural, and social world.
• Aims to establish core truths and develop general theories and laws.
• Science denial is rejecting empirical evidence.
• When evidence conflicts with personal values, preferences, or perceptions.
• Social science is the study of human society and interactions.
• Technology includes techniques, skills, methods, and processes.
• Used to solve problems, produce goods and services, improve quality and extend life.
• Theory is a generalized approach to explaining or understanding a phenomenon.
• Supported by evidence.
• Tourism is short-term travel.
• Can be for business or pleasure.

Chapter 4 – Study Resources

• Authoritarianism is a political system.
• Power is concentrated in a ruling elite that manipulates society to stay in power.
• Authority means the recognized right of a state or government to act.
• Citizenship means legally belonging to a state.
• Includes rights and responsibilities.
• Democracy is a political system.
• Government relies on a fair and open mandate from qualified citizens, based on the rule of law.
• Democratization means a state is building needed institutions and processes.
• Aims to become a stable democracy.
• Diaspora refers to the scattering or movement of a population.
• Can occur beyond a geographical or native homeland.
• Failing state has deep structural problems.
• Often involves major internal divisions, weak governing institutions, and failing economies.
• Government means the system of institutions, processes, and laws.
• Tasks include administering to the residents of a community.
• Legitimacy means the legal recognition of a state.
• Includes its right to exert authority within its borders.
• Multinational state comprises multiple national groups under a single government.
• Nation refers to a group of people.
• They identify with a shared history, culture, language, and myths.
• Nationalism is the belief.
• Nations have the right to self-determination, self-governance, and prioritizing their interests.
• Nation-state means a state whose citizens share a common national identity.
• Identity is based on shared language and culture.
• Political system refers to interactions and organizations.
• Society uses these to reach and enforce collective decisions.
• Populism is a political program or movement.
• Champions people's rights and confronts a ruling elite.
• Security state monitors citizens using closed-circuit television.
• Monitors phone calls, internet use, and other means.
• Sovereignty means a state is not subject to any higher political or legal power.
• A state is a territory with a population and a government.
• Existence and independence are recognized under international law.

Chapter 5 – Study Resources

• Civilization is an advanced stage of human development.
• Has features (political and social organization), considered a synonym for culture.
• Cosmopolitanism means association with the world and universal ideas.
• Includes the belief all humans belong to a single community transcending state boundaries and national identities.
• Cultural Imperialism means one culture promotes itself over another.
• A dominant power or state imposes it on a less powerful one.
• Culture includes values, beliefs, habits, attitudes, and norms.
• A society or community subscribes and responds to these, often unconsciously.
• Culture shock is the discomfort people feel.
• Occurs when moving to or experiencing unfamiliar cultures.
• Ethnic cleansing is the systematic forced removal of an ethnic minority.
• Done to achieve ethnic homogenization.
• Ethnicity is a group of people.
• They identify with a shared ancestral, social, and cultural background (often language).
• Ethnocentrism views or judges other cultures.
• Judgements are based on perspective of one's own values and norms.
• Gender involves characteristics of masculinity and femininity.
• Distinct from biological attributes of sex, refers to social/cultural roles, as well as gender identity.
• Gender identity is a conception of oneself.
• Can be male, female, both, or neither, expressed through clothing, speech, and mannerisms.
• Genocide involves efforts to destroy a group of people.
• Targetted based on ethnicity, race, or religion.
• Global culture includes aspects that have taken on global dimensions.
• Identity is a concept of self.
• Based on fluid attributes like age, gender, culture, ethnicity, place of birth, job, and language.
• Multi-culturalism means belief in society.
• Society is made up of multiple cultures, with recognition of these cultures.
• National identity is identification.
• Identification with a state or nation, determined by language, place of birth, and citizenship.
• Patriotism is love, identification, or devotion to country.
• Expressed in pride in the history, symbols, and myths of that country.
• Race means a grouping or classification of humans.
• Based on heritable physical differences such as skin color and facial features.
• Religion involves belief in a superhuman power.
• Usually refers to a deity or deities, and driven by a combination of beliefs, myths, and rituals.
• Secularism means a belief in the separation of religion and the state.
• Western means ideas and values associated with 'the West'.
• Originally meant Europe, but broadened to include societies shaped by European colonization.
• Worldview is how individuals perceive the world.
• Includes individuals or as members of like-minded groups.

Chapter 6 – Study Resources

• Anarchy is the absence of organized government.
• Anarchists argue governments are unnecessary and harmful.
• Civil society constitutes the public arena.
• Citizens engage to address shared concerns.
• Global civil society is the public arena, but at the global level.
• Citizens engage at the global level.
• Global governance includes institutions, processes, agreements, procedures, norms, and actions.
• Helps us address transboundary needs and problems.
• Governance is the sum of ways collective decisions are made and implemented.
• Can occur with or without formal institutions.
• Institution is an informal or formal set of rules and procedures.
• Defines practices, assigns roles, and guide interactions.
• Intergovernmental institution is a body promoting cooperation among states.
• Consists of state members.
• Intergovernmentalism is a theory/model.
• Key cooperative decisions among states occur through negotiations.
• International law governs relations among states.
• Includes customs & formal agreements/
• International non-governmental organization encourages international cooperation.
• Works through non-state members (individuals or private associations).
• International organization is a body.
• Set up to promote cooperation among/between states, governments, or non-governmental actors.
• Multinational enterprise is a private corporation.
• Has facilities and assets in multiple countries, managing global activities from its home state.
• Non-state actor isn't part of the state.
• Influences policy at local, national, international, or global levels.
• Regime includes rules, norms, institutions, and agreements.
• Surrounds a given issue to where interested actors converge.
• Regional integration promotes cooperation and collective action among neighboring states.
• Based on shared interests, development, common policies/laws.

Chapter 8 – Study Resources

• Supranationalism promotes joint interests of cooperating states.
• Authority transfers to IGOs that are working in the general interest.
• Treaty is an agreement among states.
• Holds them accountable for specified principles, goals, and deadlines.
• Treaty secretariat monitors international treaty applications.
• Promotes negotiations among signatory states.
• Civil war is a conflict.
• Can be between parties and citizens within the same state, nation, or community.
• Collective security: All states in an alliance agree the security of one is security of all.
• Cybersecurity protects internet-connected computers, networks, mobile devices, etc.
• Protects against malicious attacks.
• Democratic peace theory describes democracies.
• Democracies rarely go to war with one another.
• Diplomacy manages relations between states through negotiation and compromise.
• Hard power exerts influence.
• Uses threats and coercion.
• Human security is defined at the human level.
• Concerns human life and dignity.
• Just war is morally defensible.
• Liberalism expresses possibility/desirability for international cooperation.
• War is not inevitable, international organizations and law are important.
• Negative peace lacks violence.
• Opposed to positive peace with sustained efforts.
• Neutrality is a policy of avoiding wars.
• Aims not to take sides in conflicts.
• Non-intervention means avoiding all wars (except self-defense).
• Includes avoiding alliances and keeping out of internal affairs of other states.
• Non-violent resistance brings about change.
• Uses non-violent means (unwillingness to cooperate or breaking the law).
• Peace means different parties can disagree without violence.
• Peacekeeping maintains peace in troubled regions.
• External personnel (military, police, or civilian) are sent following a peace accord/ceasefire.
• Perpetual peace is permanent, sustainable, and made possible by the absence of conditions leading to war.
• Positive peace sustains efforts to avoid conflict.
• Systems/networks promote constructive resolution and ensuring access.
• Preventive diplomacy prevents outbreaks of conflict.
• Realism describes an anarchic global system.
• International relations driven by power struggles.
• Security means the protection of a community.
• Protected from physical, political, economic, or environmental threats.
• Soft power exerts influence.
• Uses encouragement with incentives.
• Structural violence maintains trapping processes.
• Involves discrimination, degradation, and abuse.
• Terrorism threatens/uses violence against property.
• Aims to achieve political or social change.
• War is coordinated violence.
• Seen in states, non-state actors, and groups.