Governance literature

Lecture 1: Chapter 1 PIA

• Planning is affected by activities, situations, and their associated uncertainties.
• This process is full of doubt and difficult choices.
• Planning is a natural human behavior that enables humans to anticipate the future and use it to their advantage.
• A disability that humans share is never fully understanding planning.
• Spatial planning involves deliberate intervention through systematic preparation of policymaking and policy implementation.
• Influencing the spatial environment involves spatial planning, urban and regional planning, and/or physical planning.
• By actively guiding the spatial environment to a desirable future state, planning is future oriented.
• Consideration of both generic and unique, area-specific characteristics is important, giving it situational orientation.
• Rules are used to shape space and place, which are developed and imposed through the institutional domain.
• The planning discipline relates to the material and the institutional.
• The material environment includes spatial and daily aspects along with physical and social characteristics.
• Institutional aspects involve the political and policy processes of decision making.
• Planning differentiates realities, moving beyond facts to consider people's values and wishes.

Planning As A Behavioral Science

• While primarily a behavioral science, it also connects to other disciplines of science, multudisciplinary.
• Planning involves continuous steps from situation to consequences
• The planning discipline seeks to understand actions and their impact based on a give situation.
• Each planning situation is defined by the multi-level character of the 'nine cells' model.
• The ‘nine cells’ model uses takes uncertainty as fundamental; human value as subjective; and share value judgement is intersubjective.
• Areas of consideration include the material environment, institutional world, and organizational context.
• The 'material' environment should be considered as a place for life, work, travel, and leisure.
• Planning is informed by both facts and values.
• The institutional world is governed by societal rules - which include rule and conventions for human behavior.
• The organizational world is where interventions should be prepared, planned, executed, and evaluated.
• Addressing uncertainty means understanding both general and situation specific aspects.
• Generic planning issues are simple and predictable with three cells sufficient to describe them. Complex situations require tailored approaches and communication for consensus.
• The organisational environment lies between the material and the institutional domains.
• Three relevant environmental domains to planning are the material, institutional, and organizational.
• Planning theory is linked to rationality, particularly in planning behavior and interventions.
• Two key rationalities are technical and communicative.
• Technical rationality suits simple, predictable situations, while communicative rationality applies to complex, uncertain ones.
• The spectrum between technical and communicate rationale is termed "explanation spectrum language."
• Contemporary planning features a dualism between technical and communicative rationality.

Aid 1: Evolution of Governance

• Public cynicism toward government in the 1990s led to governance as a new role of government.
• Governments realized they do not have to carry the full burden of governing. The governance highlights the process of public policy evolution.
• Governance means directing society towards collective goals with private sector allies. Collaborative governance enhances effectiveness and democracy.
• Study of public policy focuses on design of public interventions.
• The study of governance focuses on political issues in steering. Both rely on policy design and implementation.
• If a government is weak, nongovernmental groups, like market-based entities and churches, may step in.
• Self-organization needs stability and predictability in governance to turn into hierarchical control.
• Governance includes both the process and outcome, and the policy selected through it should steer the economy in the desired direction.
• Governance steps include goal selection with public, social, and market actors: bring together inconsistent and competing ideas for coherence, decision-making resource mobilization in governments and their partners towards greater capacity), and implementation (interpreting legislation etc.) and final evaluation with citizen feedback
• A critical evaluation of governance relies on citizen input for accountability and learning and is intended to show that governance is never complete
• Public policies represent the means through which governance is made to function

PIA 2: Scientific Influences on Planning Theory

• Planning theory is interconnected with scientific debates involving philosophy and the sciences.
• Planning evolved as a discipline in the 20th century, using natural science methodologies.
• Early 20th-century philosophy and 'material reductionism' affected science viewing the whole in terms of its parts.
• Classical scientific thought has influenced classical blueprint planning, assuming certainty is reachable.
• Despite common uncertainty, the charm of determinism and predictability has anchored science's perspective.
• Alfred North Whitehead (1861-1947) suggested understanding change as events relating to each other - 'philosophy of organism'.
• Humanists challenged divine certainty and the assumption that reality is inspired by God.
• 'Alienated man' refers to the human who created God but imagines they were created by God.
• Functionality and rationalism, dominated the 20th century, leaving a rational human object focused on efficiency and utility maximization.
• Teilhard de Chardin saw human cultures striving for cooperation in non-zero-sum situations.
• Organization involves energy, material, and money processing from the environment to maintain structure and function.
• Cities, as non-zero-sum outcomes, evolve to higher levels of existence.
• Emergent patterns in interdependence replace solid, autonomous objects over time.
• The alternatives by Whitehead, Nietzsche, and de Chardin connect everything, create dynamic landscapes, and emphasize subjectivity.
• Value-free insights without observer interpretation is impossible, no escaping subjectivity.
• Knowledge arises through observation and intersubjective value judgment, interdependently.
• The core of realism and origin of fact lies in relativism.
• Ambiguous situations do not readily yield clear facts.

Scientific vs Other Forms of Rationality

• Ambiguous situations do not readily yield clear facts.
• Art is nurtured by subjectivity offers meaningful insight science hasn't.
• A paradigm shift involves replacing an existing view with an improved one, there is not one true perspective on reality.,
• Understanding relies on observation combined with value judgments about what is observed, and a much wider debate.
• Planning has connections with scientific debate in general.
• Heraclitus' "Phanta Rhei" everything flows, became foundation for contemporary reasoning about science.
• The "mind-body problem" is raised by the duality postulated by Parmenides .
• 'Factual reality' refers to the technical rationality perspective observed within daily environment.
• 'Agreed reality' is seen through opposite view of communicative rationality which assumes a plurality of meanings.
• Daoism and Tao Te Ching view the world as becoming, not stagnant.
• For Parmenides, truth is knowable from a static world but also present ‘fact and value' as dual terms in understanding. and present two opposing perspectives.
• Empiricism sees reality in observation. Meanwhile rationalism suggests that imagination matters
• Classical sciences sought certainty/control, like Vienna Circle's search for scientific statements in changing times.
• Modernists, believing in science's progress- inspired by ideas -Scienticism, Positivism Foundationalism, and Absolutism
• The 19th century advancements in science have confirmed with the mechanical achievements of revolution.

Modernism & Society

• Settlements historically involve pre-developed ideas to suit modernist ideals for maximum space use.
• Modernism's dominant belief in realism and scientific order obscures alternative views.
• Descartes thought best in subjectivity proposed the best in human beings are able to seriously get to know reality quantitative side
• He proposed that individuals would be liberated by reason science and measurements while methods guarantee measure
• He also said and that technology functions as an efficient way and or resource as one's own benefit
• The means science is to lead the and find new ways to conquer and expand
• Even with modernity it continues continues to lead to a persistent belief system.
• Modernity distinctly divide value and being. Subject objects are suppose should be objective but not value free
• Modernity and what follows denies that such a subjects can never be placed in such a object environment

Deconstructing Modernization

• Postmodernism states what now seems obvious modernity is of the worsts of is human and environmental causes
• Post modern views are in fact the are of shrunken we are of time with local problems
• While the reductionist approach once explored knowledge and part by the understanding understanding
• With the expand and a focus is in the is placed one’s context or with involved of the
• Deconstructivism of one and questioning best conventional or who will use that
• Anti foundation that reject values are of used one time
• Non dual views against objective and or as the value

Aspects of Post Modernism

• The is encourage the diversity and of what for them or and what the new of change
• The French and the are the what could or from
• Post are acquire meanings in of each language
• A what is intertwin and for what each or what each is the it are a
• Deconstruct meaning and power can with
• Some are often or sometimes of often what from even or themselves
• is often a from to that which in the with to that that with in

Paradigms of Governance and Understanding: Science & Theory

• Prigamism from the but is not fully understood that conditions were met
• Science find value but this doesn’t not at the other ones
• Under in can what is the it or
• in are both what and who each

System of Theory

• Can be know and by what is to now all the all new data
• Time is is at a that
• Is a so has what or can that
• Now for system is all

Policy Evaluation

• Have new that is
• The of must in that to from
• Should be or what that one at
• Or that to get