social pat

Chapter 1: Canadian Government

• Governance: The process of governing; managing a country or organization.
• Legislative Branch: The branch of government that makes laws.
• Popular Vote: The outcome of an election where the most votes are cast for a particular candidate.
• Supreme Court: The highest court in Canada, interpreting and applying laws.
• Bill: A proposed law before it is enacted.
• Judicial Branch: The branch of government that interprets and applies laws.
• Minorities: Groups that are numerically or socially smaller than the majority in a population.
• Accountable: Responsible for the actions and decisions made.
• Law: Rules and regulations created by or adopted by a recognized political authority.
• Government: The system or process by which a territory or country is governed.
• House of Commons: The lower house of the Canadian Parliament.
• Senate: The upper house of the Canadian Parliament.
• Civil Service: The non-elected administrative branch of government.
• Assimilation: Adopting the culture and customs of a dominant group.
• Constitution: The fundamental laws of a country.
• Prime Minister: The head of government in Canada.
• Representation by Population: A system of representation in the legislature where the number of representatives for each region is determined by the population.
• Constituency: A district represented by an elected member.
• Judges: Appointed officials who preside over legal proceedings in the courts.
• Media - Watchdog: Media's role in scrutinizing and reporting on government actions.
• Lobbyist: Someone who attempts to influence government decisions.
• Policy: A course of action or principle adopted or proposed by a government.

Chapter 2: Criminal Justice System

• Fair and equitable: Just and impartial.
• Criminal Record: A record of a person's criminal convictions.
• Jury: A group of people who decide on a verdict in a legal case.
• Defense: The legal representation for a defendant in a criminal case.
• Justice: Fair treatment and due process under the law.
• Sentence: The punishment imposed on a convicted criminal.
• Youth Criminal Justice Act (YCJA): Legislation governing the treatment of young offenders.
• Prosecution: The legal representation for the state or government in a criminal case.
• Justice System: The set of procedures and institutions used to enforce laws.
• Rehabilitate: To help someone return to a normal state.
• Jury Duty: Obligation to serve as a member of a jury.
• Sequester: To isolate jurors from outside influences during a trial.
• Legislation: Laws in the process of being enacted.
• Reintegrate: To help someone re-enter society.
• Elizabeth Fry Society: An advocacy group supporting the needs of women in the criminal justice system.
• Criminal Code of Canada: The collection of federal laws related to criminal behaviour.
• Community Service: A form of punishment where a criminal does work for the community.
• Young Offender: A person under a specific age deemed a young offender by law.
• John Howard Society: An advocacy group supporting the needs of people in the criminal justice system.

Chapter 3: Rights and Freedoms

• Constitution: The fundamental laws of a country.
• Legal Rights: Rights granted to individuals by law.
• Labour Unions: Groups representing workers' interests in the workplace.
• Charter of Rights and Freedoms: A document outlining fundamental rights and freedoms in Canadian law.
• Equality Rights: Ensuring equal treatment regardless of differences.
• Fundamental Freedoms: Basic rights such as freedom of expression and religion.
• Indian Act: Legislation impacting Indigenous peoples in Canada.
• Democratic Rights: Rights related to participation in democracy.
• Suffrage (right to vote): The right to vote in elections.
• Mobility Rights: Right to move and live in any part of Canada.
• Internment: Imprisonment or confinement.

Chapter 4: Indigenous Peoples

• Collective Rights: Rights held by a group or community.
• Affirm: To officially acknowledge or support something.
• First Nations: Indigenous groups whose ancestral lands are within Canada.
• Indian Act: Legislation impacting Indigenous peoples in Canada.
• Reserve: Land set apart for use by Indigenous peoples.
• Residential School: Schools formerly run by the Canadian government that were intended to assimilate Indigenous children.
• Francophone: French-speaking people.
• Publically Funded: Supported and financed by the public.
• Collective Identity: Shared sense of belonging to a group.
• FMNI: A specific abbreviation related to Indigenous peoples.
• Sovereignty: Right to self-governance.
• Numbered Treaties: Agreements between Indigenous groups and the Canadian government.
• Treaty 6, 7, 8: Specific treaties outlining agreements.
• Assimilate: To absorb into a dominant culture.
• Official Language: Officially recognized language.
• Autonomy: Self-governance or self-rule.
• Indian: A term used to identify First Nations people (often considered outdated).
• Entrench: To establish firmly in law.
• Official Language Minority: A group that speaks a minority language recognized by the government.
• Métis: Indigenous people of mixed European and Indigenous heritage.
• Patriate: To bring a government's constitution home from another jurisdiction.
• Ethnocentrism: Belief that one's own culture is superior.
• Amendment: A modification or change to a law or document.
• Anglophone: English-speaking people.
• Scrip: Certificates representing land claims or settlement.

Chapter 5: Immigration

• Immigration: Movement of people into a new country.
• Family Class: Immigration category based on family relationships.
• Economic Class: Immigration category based on economic factors.
• Economic Factor: A factor affecting immigration choices.
• Point System: A system used in some countries like Canada to assess immigrant eligibility based on factors.
• Refugee Class: Immigration category for those seeking refuge from persecution.
• Political Factor: A political reason for immigration.
• Chinese Head Tax: A tax imposed on Chinese immigrants in Canada's past.
• Immigration and Refugee Protection Act: Legislation governing immigration to Canada.
• Refugee: A person fleeing their home country for safety.
• Health Factor: A health concern for immigrants.
• Demographic: Relating to the structure and characteristics of a population.
• Security Factor: Factors related to national security.
• Exclude: To prevent someone from entering a country or system.

Chapter 6: Economics

• Economics: The study of how societies use scarce resources.
• Scarcity: The fundamental economic problem that human wants exceed resources.
• Supply and demand: The forces that determine prices in a market economy.
• Competition: Rivalry among producers to attract customers.
• Strike: A work stoppage by employees to pressure employers.
• Economic Systems: Different ways societies organize their economies.
• Land, Labour, Capital: The basic resources of production.
• Cooperation: Working together toward a common goal.
• Monopoly: A market where one company controls most or all of production.
• Labour Unions: Groups representing workers' interests.
• Mixed Economy: An economy with both government involvement and private enterprise.
• Democratic Socialism: An economic system that blends aspects of both market and planned capitalism.
• Labour: The human effort required to produce goods and services.
• Equilibrium: A state of balance between supply and demand, leading to a stable price.
• Collective Bargaining: Negotiations between employers and employees represent on their behalf
• Market Economy: An economic system where individuals and businesses make decisions about production and pricing.
• Capitalism: Political system based on ideas of individual free enterprise.
• Privately Owned: Owned by individuals or businesses, not by the government.
• Privatization: Shifting government-owned businesses to private ownership.
• Individualism: Emphasis on individual self-reliance, freedom, and success.
• Self-interest: Motivation to improve one's own wellbeing.
• Profit motive: Desire to gain financial benefit.
• Producer: Someone who creates and sells goods or services.
• Consumer: Someone who uses goods or services.
• Command Economy: An economic system where the government controls all economic activity.
• Publicly Owned: Owned by or operated by the government.
• Nationalization: Transferring ownership of a private industry to the government.
• Collective: Relating to a group of individuals.
• Collectivism: Emphasis on the needs of the group over individual needs.
• Equality: Similar status in all matters
• Socialism: Economic system emphasizing social ownership of resources.
• Crown Corporation - CBC: A government-owned media corporation (example).
• Unemployment Rate: Percentage of people in the workforce who are unemployed.

Chapter 7: Consumerism

• Consumerism: The ideology where material goods define quality of life/value.
• Marketing: The process of getting customers to want one's products.
• Consumer Spending: How much consumers spend money on goods and services.
• Advertising: The promotion of products to increase sales.
• Prosperity: Economic success and wealth.
• Health and Safety: Consumer protection standards.
• Economic Growth: An expansion of the economy.
• Bandwagon Effect: Marketing technique enticing consumers by suggesting a huge majority of people are using the product.
• Scientific Appeal: Marketing techniques appealing to consumers' belief in scientific proof.
• Emotional Appeal: Marketing techniques enticing consumers using emotionally charged messages.
• Gross Domestic Product (GDP): The total value of a country's output.
• Environment: The natural world.
• Boycott: Refusal of consumers to engage with a product/service.
• Glittering Generalities: Marketing techniques appealing to consumers with empty statements that are difficult or impossible to evaluate.

Chapter 8: Social Programs and Political Parties

• Social Programs: Government initiatives offering social services and support.
• Public Health Care: Healthcare systems run and funded by the government.
• Universality: The principle that equal access to a service or program is promised to everyone.
• Conservative Party: A political party.
• Democratic Party: A political party.
• Taxation: Collection of money from citizens to fund government activities.
• Income Tax: Tax on personal income.
• Progressive taxation: Tax system where higher earners pay a higher percentage of their income.
• Liberal Party: A political party.
• New Democratic Party (NDP): A political party.
• Republican Party: A US political party.
• Health Insurance: Private support for healthcare costs in the United States or a separate system from public healthcare.
• Tax Base: The source of funds used to pay taxes.
• Black Market: Illegal economic activities.
• Political Party: Group that participates in political elections to influence policy and gain power.
• Private Health Care: Healthcare financed and managed by private companies or individuals.
• Sales Tax: Tax on sales of goods and services.
• Tax Evasion: Illegal attempts to avoid paying taxes.
• Green Party: A political party.
• Party Platform: List of policies and objectives supported by a political party.
• Goods and Services Tax (GST): A tax on goods and services in Canada.
• Underground Economy: Economic activities that are hidden from government view; untaxed.
• Bloc Quebecois: A political party focused on Quebec interests.

Chapter 9: Quality of Life and Environmental Issues

• Quality of Life: Wellbeing measured by various factors.
• Environmental Issues: Concerns about the state of the environment.
• Co2 Emissions: Release of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere.
• Oil Sands: Areas with significant oil reserves.
• Biodiversity: Variety of life forms.
• GDP per capita: Measure of output per person in a country.
• Development: Economic growth or advancement.
• Sustainability: Ensuring resources are used in a way that they will last.
• Climate Change: Changes in world temperatures and other weather patterns.
• Kyoto Protocol: An international environmental agreement.
• International Agreements: Treaties between countries regarding environmental and other matters.
• Ratified: Accepted or approved by a country.
• Carbon Tax: A tax designed to reduce carbon emissions.
• Green House Gas (GHG): Gases that contribute to climate change.

Essential Understandings

• Canadian Constitution and Charter of Rights and Freedoms: Foundation of democracy, outlining core rights and freedoms.
• Branches and Levels of Government: Executive, Legislative, Judicial, with federal, provincial, and municipal levels.
• Structure and Function of Federal Government: Understanding the legislative branches (House of Commons, Senate), responsible government, and the role of the Executive (Prime Minister, Cabinet).
• Election System: The 'first-past-the-post' system and its effect on government stability (example of majority vs. minority governments).
• Responsible Government: The Prime Minister and Cabinet must maintain the confidence of Parliament for governing.
• Party Discipline: The degree of obedience demanded from party members by their political leaders in policy and voting decisions, and the perceived repercussions for failing to comply.
• Process of Lawmaking: Detailed information about passing legislation is not covered in this response.
• The Governor General: Ceremonial role representing the Queen as head of state; powers are largely ceremonial.
• Media as Watchdog: Role of media to report on government actions objectively.
• Lobbying and Interest Groups: Organizations that attempt to influence government decisions.
• Checks and Balances: Systems preventing absolute government power (media, official opposition, courts, interest groups).
• Justice System: The institutions involved in administering justice, based on equality before the law.
• Youth Criminal Justice Act (YCJA): Legislation focused on treating young offenders.
• Advocacy Groups: Organizations actively supporting causes (Elizabeth Fry Society, John Howard Society).
• Charter's Entrenchment: The Charter was brought home directly from UK law.
• Basic Charter Rights: Information on the Charter's rights is not covered in full in this response.
• Human Rights Issues: Information on past and present concerns isn't entirely covered by this response.
• Scarcity, Means of Production, Supply and Demand: Basic economic concepts and principles (example of individual vs. collective good).
• Competition, Regulation, Monopoly: Factors impacting market systems and impacts of monopolies/ oligopolies
• Advertising and Marketing: Techniques used to influence consumers.
• Consumerism and Boycotts: Understanding consumer decisions and boycotts as an act of protest and influence.
• Canadian Healthcare System: A comparison of the Canadian and US-based systems, differentiating between universal and private healthcare (public/private).
• Market vs. Command Economies: Comparing different economic perspectives(capitalism vs. communism).
• Mixed Economy (Democratic Socialism): The system and role of the government in managing the economy.
• Economic Influences: Ways for the government to attempt to influence consumer spending and other parts of the economy (taxation, interest rates).
• Privatization and Nationalization: Shifting ownership of industries between private and public spheres.
• Canadian Immigration: Factors affecting who can immigrate, policies changing based on national needs.
• Canadian Taxation: Understanding the various taxes and how these are used to fund services (example of progressive/regressive taxes).

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