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Questions and Answers
In classical conditioning, what is the key element that defines the acquisition stage?
In classical conditioning, what is the key element that defines the acquisition stage?
- The point at which the conditioned stimulus (CS) consistently elicits the conditioned response (CR) without the unconditioned stimulus (US).
- The stage where the association between the unconditioned stimulus (US) and conditioned stimulus (CS) is established. (correct)
- The sudden reappearance of a previously extinguished conditioned response after a period of rest.
- The diminishing of a conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is no longer presented with the conditioned stimulus.
How does stimulus generalization differ from stimulus discrimination in classical conditioning?
How does stimulus generalization differ from stimulus discrimination in classical conditioning?
- Generalization involves responding exclusively to the original conditioned stimulus, while discrimination involves responding to similar stimuli.
- Generalization is the process of extinguishing a conditioned response, while discrimination is the process of reacquiring it.
- Generalization happens only with unconditioned responses, while discrimination happens only with conditioned responses.
- Generalization occurs when a conditioned response is elicited by stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus, whereas discrimination occurs when the response is specific to the conditioned stimulus. (correct)
What is the fundamental difference between extinction and spontaneous recovery in classical conditioning?
What is the fundamental difference between extinction and spontaneous recovery in classical conditioning?
- Extinction is the reduction of a conditioned response when the conditioned stimulus no longer predicts the unconditioned stimulus, while spontaneous recovery is the reappearance of the conditioned response after a period of extinction. (correct)
- Extinction is the permanent disappearance of the conditioned response, while spontaneous recovery is a temporary reappearance.
- Extinction involves no longer presenting the unconditioned stimulus, while spontaneous recovery involves reintroducing it.
- Extinction is the initial learning of the conditioned response, while spontaneous recovery is the re-establishment of that response.
In classical conditioning, if a dog salivates to a specific bell tone but not to similar tones, which process has occurred?
In classical conditioning, if a dog salivates to a specific bell tone but not to similar tones, which process has occurred?
What condition typically leads to the extinction of a conditioned response?
What condition typically leads to the extinction of a conditioned response?
Which scenario exemplifies spontaneous recovery after a conditioned response has been extinguished?
Which scenario exemplifies spontaneous recovery after a conditioned response has been extinguished?
A researcher is trying to condition a rat to press a lever when a light flashes, but the rat also presses the lever when a buzzer sounds. What phenomenon is the rat exhibiting?
A researcher is trying to condition a rat to press a lever when a light flashes, but the rat also presses the lever when a buzzer sounds. What phenomenon is the rat exhibiting?
What strategy is most effective for ensuring strong acquisition of a conditioned response?
What strategy is most effective for ensuring strong acquisition of a conditioned response?
In what way does discrimination contribute to adaptive behavior?
In what way does discrimination contribute to adaptive behavior?
Which of the following is the LEAST likely to be observed following successful extinction of a conditioned response?
Which of the following is the LEAST likely to be observed following successful extinction of a conditioned response?
How would one optimally use classical conditioning principles to reduce a child's fear of डॉग्स without directly exposing them to डॉग्स?
How would one optimally use classical conditioning principles to reduce a child's fear of डॉग्स without directly exposing them to डॉग्स?
What critical factor differentiates spontaneous recovery from reacquisition after extinction?
What critical factor differentiates spontaneous recovery from reacquisition after extinction?
Which aspect of classical conditioning is MOST influential in understanding how phobias develop and persist?
Which aspect of classical conditioning is MOST influential in understanding how phobias develop and persist?
What is the underlying mechanism that makes acquisition in classical conditioning effective?
What is the underlying mechanism that makes acquisition in classical conditioning effective?
How does the timing between the conditioned stimulus (CS) and unconditioned stimulus (US) affect the acquisition of a conditioned response?
How does the timing between the conditioned stimulus (CS) and unconditioned stimulus (US) affect the acquisition of a conditioned response?
Which scenario best illustrates the concept of higher-order conditioning?
Which scenario best illustrates the concept of higher-order conditioning?
If a conditioned response undergoes extinction but then returns not to its original strength but close to it, what might have occurred?
If a conditioned response undergoes extinction but then returns not to its original strength but close to it, what might have occurred?
How does the predictability of the unconditioned stimulus (US) in relation to the conditioned stimulus (CS) impact the acquisition process?
How does the predictability of the unconditioned stimulus (US) in relation to the conditioned stimulus (CS) impact the acquisition process?
Which of the following scenarios exemplifies the process of stimulus discrimination training?
Which of the following scenarios exemplifies the process of stimulus discrimination training?
A therapist aims to extinguish a patient's conditioned fear response but notices that the patient reports feeling anxious again a few weeks after successful therapy. What has MOST likely occurred?
A therapist aims to extinguish a patient's conditioned fear response but notices that the patient reports feeling anxious again a few weeks after successful therapy. What has MOST likely occurred?
In the context of classical conditioning, how can the principles of acquisition, extinction, and spontaneous recovery be used to explain relapse in drug addiction?
In the context of classical conditioning, how can the principles of acquisition, extinction, and spontaneous recovery be used to explain relapse in drug addiction?
What is the most significant challenge in achieving complete and lasting extinction of a deeply ingrained conditioned emotional response, such as a phobia?
What is the most significant challenge in achieving complete and lasting extinction of a deeply ingrained conditioned emotional response, such as a phobia?
A dog is conditioned to salivate to the sound of a can opener. After extinction, the dog shows a weaker salivation response to a similar sounding kitchen utensil. What explains this?
A dog is conditioned to salivate to the sound of a can opener. After extinction, the dog shows a weaker salivation response to a similar sounding kitchen utensil. What explains this?
How does the concept of 'blocking' challenge the traditional view of acquisition in classical conditioning?
How does the concept of 'blocking' challenge the traditional view of acquisition in classical conditioning?
How might a marketer leverage the principles of stimulus generalization to promote a new product?
How might a marketer leverage the principles of stimulus generalization to promote a new product?
Which strategy is most likely to prevent the spontaneous recovery of a conditioned fear response?
Which strategy is most likely to prevent the spontaneous recovery of a conditioned fear response?
What are the cognitive implications of classical conditioning, specifically in relation to expectation and awareness?
What are the cognitive implications of classical conditioning, specifically in relation to expectation and awareness?
How does the 'renewal effect' complicate the treatment of anxiety disorders using exposure therapy?
How does the 'renewal effect' complicate the treatment of anxiety disorders using exposure therapy?
What strategies would be implemented when the goal of extinction is the complete elimination of all aspects of a stimulus?
What strategies would be implemented when the goal of extinction is the complete elimination of all aspects of a stimulus?
A food aversion that occurs from sickness is NOT classical conditioning because?
A food aversion that occurs from sickness is NOT classical conditioning because?
How does the phenomenon of "learned helplessness" extend the understanding of classical conditioning principles?
How does the phenomenon of "learned helplessness" extend the understanding of classical conditioning principles?
In what scenario does a person develop an intense fear of boats after experiencing a near drowning, despite having enjoyed boating previously?
In what scenario does a person develop an intense fear of boats after experiencing a near drowning, despite having enjoyed boating previously?
A company has a customer service bell in case customers need help with anything. People begin to flinch at the sound of the bell, what is this known as?
A company has a customer service bell in case customers need help with anything. People begin to flinch at the sound of the bell, what is this known as?
You are trying to classically condition your dog to do a trick, but he is being difficult, what are some key elements of initial pairing that you should consider to successfully condition?
You are trying to classically condition your dog to do a trick, but he is being difficult, what are some key elements of initial pairing that you should consider to successfully condition?
In classical conditioning, what is the critical condition that must be met for stimulus generalization to occur?
In classical conditioning, what is the critical condition that must be met for stimulus generalization to occur?
A researcher conditions a dog to salivate at the sound of a bell. After extinction, the dog is placed in a novel environment, and the bell is rung. What outcome would support the renewal effect?
A researcher conditions a dog to salivate at the sound of a bell. After extinction, the dog is placed in a novel environment, and the bell is rung. What outcome would support the renewal effect?
What key factor differentiates the process of acquisition from spontaneous recovery in classical conditioning?
What key factor differentiates the process of acquisition from spontaneous recovery in classical conditioning?
After conditioning a rat to fear a blue light by pairing it with a shock, a researcher presents the blue light repeatedly without the shock, leading to extinction. Later, the researcher presents a green light, and the rat shows a slight fear response. What concept does this exemplify, and what underlying mechanism explains this response?
After conditioning a rat to fear a blue light by pairing it with a shock, a researcher presents the blue light repeatedly without the shock, leading to extinction. Later, the researcher presents a green light, and the rat shows a slight fear response. What concept does this exemplify, and what underlying mechanism explains this response?
A therapist is using classical conditioning to treat a patient's fear of spiders. During therapy, the patient is repeatedly exposed to spiders in a safe environment until the fear response is extinguished. Which of the following outcomes would indicate the MOST effective and durable extinction of the conditioned fear response?
A therapist is using classical conditioning to treat a patient's fear of spiders. During therapy, the patient is repeatedly exposed to spiders in a safe environment until the fear response is extinguished. Which of the following outcomes would indicate the MOST effective and durable extinction of the conditioned fear response?
Flashcards
Acquisition
Acquisition
Stage of conditioning where the association between the unconditioned stimulus (US) and conditioned stimulus (CS) is learned.
Generalization
Generalization
A conditioned response to stimuli that are similar to the conditioned stimulus (CS).
Discrimination
Discrimination
Conditioned response occurs only to a specific stimulus.
Extinction
Extinction
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Spontaneous recovery
Spontaneous recovery
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Study Notes
- $V$ is a vector space
- $B = {\mathbf{v}_1, \dots, \mathbf{v}_n}$ and $B' = {\mathbf{v}'_1, \dots, \mathbf{v}'_n}$ are bases of $V$
Change of Basis Formula Proof
- $\mathbf{v} \in V$ can be expressed in terms of basis $B$ as $\mathbf{v} = c_1 \mathbf{v}_1 + \dots + c_n \mathbf{v}_n$, with coordinate vector $[\mathbf{v}]_B = \begin{bmatrix} c_1 \ \vdots \ c_n \end{bmatrix}$
- $\mathbf{v}$ can also be expressed in terms of basis $B'$ as $\mathbf{v} = c'_1 \mathbf{v}'_1 + \dots + c'_n \mathbf{v}'n$, with coordinate vector $[\mathbf{v}]{B'} = \begin{bmatrix} c'_1 \ \vdots \ c'_n \end{bmatrix}$
- Each basis vector $\mathbf{v}j$ from $B$ can be written as a linear combination of the basis vectors in $B'$: $\mathbf{v}j = a{1j} \mathbf{v}'1 + a{2j} \mathbf{v}'2 + \dots + a{nj} \mathbf{v}'n = \sum{i=1}^n a{ij} \mathbf{v}'_i$
- The coordinate vector of $\mathbf{v}j$ with respect to $B'$ is $[\mathbf{v}j]{B'} = \begin{bmatrix} a{1j} \ a_{2j} \ \vdots \ a_{nj} \end{bmatrix}$
- By substituting the linear combination of $\mathbf{v}j$ in terms of $B'$ basis vectors into the equation for $\mathbf{v}$ in terms of $B$, and rearranging the summation, it is shown that $c'i = \sum{j=1}^n a{ij} c_j$
- In matrix form, this transformation can be represented as $[\mathbf{v}]{B'} = P{B' \leftarrow B} [\mathbf{v}]_B$,
- The change of basis matrix $P_{B' \leftarrow B}$ is given by $P_{B' \leftarrow B} = \begin{bmatrix} [\mathbf{v}1]{B'} & [\mathbf{v}2]{B'} & \dots & [\mathbf{v}n]{B'} \end{bmatrix}$
Example Vector Space
- $V = \mathbb{R}^2$, with bases $B = {\begin{bmatrix} 1 \ 0 \end{bmatrix}, \begin{bmatrix} 0 \ 1 \end{bmatrix}}$ and $B' = {\begin{bmatrix} 1 \ 1 \end{bmatrix}, \begin{bmatrix} 2 \ 1 \end{bmatrix}}$
- The change of basis matrix $P_{B' \leftarrow B}$ is calculated by expressing the basis vectors of $B$ in terms of $B'$
- $\mathbf{v}_1 = \begin{bmatrix} 1 \ 0 \end{bmatrix} = -1 \begin{bmatrix} 1 \ 1 \end{bmatrix} + 1 \begin{bmatrix} 2 \ 1 \end{bmatrix}$, so $[\mathbf{v}1]{B'} = \begin{bmatrix} -1 \ 1 \end{bmatrix}$
- $\mathbf{v}_2 = \begin{bmatrix} 0 \ 1 \end{bmatrix} = 2 \begin{bmatrix} 1 \ 1 \end{bmatrix} - 1 \begin{bmatrix} 2 \ 1 \end{bmatrix}$, so $[\mathbf{v}2]{B'} = \begin{bmatrix} 2 \ -1 \end{bmatrix}$
- Therefore, $P_{B' \leftarrow B} = \begin{bmatrix} -1 & 2 \ 1 & -1 \end{bmatrix}$
- Given $\mathbf{v} = \begin{bmatrix} 3 \ 5 \end{bmatrix}$, then $[\mathbf{v}]_B = \begin{bmatrix} 3 \ 5 \end{bmatrix}$
- The coordinate vector of $\mathbf{v}$ with respect to $B'$ is computed as follows: $[\mathbf{v}]{B'} = P{B' \leftarrow B} [\mathbf{v}]_B = \begin{bmatrix} -1 & 2 \ 1 & -1 \end{bmatrix} \begin{bmatrix} 3 \ 5 \end{bmatrix} = \begin{bmatrix} 7 \ -2 \end{bmatrix}$
Useful Fact
- If $P$ is a change of basis matrix from $B$ to $B'$, then $P$ is invertible
- $P^{-1}$ is the change of basis matrix from $B'$ to $B$, such that $P^{-1} = P_{B \leftarrow B'}$
- $P_{B \leftarrow B'} = (P_{B' \leftarrow B})^{-1} = \begin{bmatrix} -1 & 2 \ 1 & -1 \end{bmatrix}^{-1} = \begin{bmatrix} 1 & 2 \ 1 & 1 \end{bmatrix}$
- Given $\mathbf{v} = \begin{bmatrix} 3 \ 5 \end{bmatrix}$ and $[\mathbf{v}]{B'} = \begin{bmatrix} 7 \ -2 \end{bmatrix}$, then $[\mathbf{v}]B = P{B \leftarrow B'} [\mathbf{v}]{B'} = \begin{bmatrix} 1 & 2 \ 1 & 1 \end{bmatrix} \begin{bmatrix} 7 \ -2 \end{bmatrix} = \begin{bmatrix} 3 \ 5 \end{bmatrix}$
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