62 Questions
What is the action research approach to organizational change?
A data-based, problem-oriented process that diagnoses the need for change, introduces the intervention, and evaluates and stabilizes the desired changes.
What is the 'Four-D' model of appreciative inquiry?
Discovery, Dream, Design, Destiny - focusing on positive elements and potential.
What are the conditions for effectively diffusing change from a pilot project?
Clear success measures, visible management support, and communication of success.
Who is a change agent in organizational change?
Anyone with enough knowledge and power to guide and facilitate the change effort.
What is one reason people resist change?
They are worried about adopting new behaviors
Why might organizational systems discourage employees from adopting new ways?
They maintain the status quo
What type of resistance might senior management encounter due to the organizational change described?
Resistance due to loss of status, power, and responsibility
What might be a consequence of the new organizational structure on the executives responsible for each geographic area?
They will retain control over sales activities
How might the new organizational structure impact the executives responsible for different product groups?
They will gain increased autonomy
What is one reason for resistance to change among the geographic executives?
Incongruent organizational systems
What might cause team norms to conflict with the desired change?
Incongruent team dynamics
What could be a consequence of the organizational change on the executives responsible for each geographic area?
Reduced status and power
What is the main purpose of Lewin’s Force Field Analysis Model?
To understand how the change process works by unfreezing the current situation and refreezing the system in the desired state
What is an example of an external driving force for change?
Information technology
What is an example of an internal restraining force for change?
Encouraging new practices and values
What is a main reason why people resist change according to the text?
Direct costs
What is the preferred strategy to destabilize the status quo?
Increasing driving forces and decreasing restraining forces
What is an example of a false driver for change according to the text?
Artificially created reasons for change
What is emphasized as a powerful force for change in the context of dissatisfied customers?
Dissatisfied customers
What is the highest priority and first strategy for minimizing resistance to change?
Communication
What is an example of a strategy for minimizing resistance to change that involves learning new knowledge and skills?
Learning
What is an example of a strategy for minimizing resistance to change that involves employee participation in the change effort?
Employee involvement
What is an example of a potential benefit of stress management in minimizing resistance to change?
Reduced stress for everyone
What is an example of a strategy for minimizing resistance to change that involves assertive influence tactics?
Coercion
What does unlearning in organizations potentially lead to?
Dismissals and reduced trust
What is involved in the process of refreezing desired conditions?
Realigning organizational systems and team dynamics
What does strategic vision provide during organizational change?
Direction and minimizes employee fear
What qualities do change agents need to possess?
Transformational leadership
What are the characteristics of the action research approach to change?
Data-based, participative, and problem-oriented
What does the appreciative inquiry process focus on?
Positive elements and reframing relationships around the positive
What do parallel learning structures aim to achieve?
Increase organizational learning using the action research model
What are the ethical concerns related to organizational change?
Threats to privacy rights and increased management power
What may not align with cultures that minimize conflict?
Linear and open conflict assumptions
What stages are involved in the appreciative inquiry process?
Discovery, dreaming, designing, and delivering
What does the action research process include?
Forming a client-consultant relationship, diagnosing the need for change, introducing change, and evaluating and stabilizing change
What do cross-cultural concerns in organizational change involve?
Techniques conflicting with cultural values
What is the latter part of the change process that reinforces and maintains desired behaviors?
Refreezing
What is the first part of the change process where the change agent produces disequilibrium between driving and restraining forces?
Unfreezing
According to Lewin’s force field analysis model, how does change occur?
Through the process of unfreezing, changing, and refreezing
What is manifested as restraining forces in the context of employee resistance to change?
Employee resistance to change
What does organizational change require in addition to driving forces?
A clear, well-articulated vision of the desired future state
What is action research in the context of organizational change?
A data-based, problem-oriented process
What does appreciative inquiry focus on in the context of organizational change?
The positive and possible
What do parallel learning structures rely on to increase the organization's learning and produce meaningful organizational change?
Social structures developed alongside the formal hierarchy
What ethical concerns can arise from organizational change practices?
Threatening individual privacy rights
What is the diffusion process in the context of the change process?
A pilot project
What are the strategies to minimize employee resistance to change?
Communication, learning, involvement, coping support, negotiation, and sparing use of coercion
What is the focus of parallel learning structures in the context of organizational change?
Increasing the organization's learning and producing meaningful organizational change
What are some tips for personal change mentioned in the text?
Understanding needs and values, aligning career with competencies, setting career goals, maintaining networks, and getting a mentor
What are some external forces driving changes in colleges mentioned in the text?
Increased competition for students, emerging technologies, cost pressures, changing student expectations, and college ratings
What did resistance sources at Nissan include?
Direct costs, saving face, fear of the unknown, breaking routines, incongruent systems, and incongruent team dynamics
What is emphasized by Andrew Carnegie's quote mentioned in the text?
The importance of people in organizations
What are some internal drivers for change in colleges mentioned in the text?
Leadership, physical structures, and student and faculty coalitions
What is employee resistance considered in the change process according to the text?
A symptom, not a problem
What may employee resistance stem from according to the text?
Concerns about job security, career development potential, saving face, and fear of the unknown
What must consultants maintain in their role in the client relationship according to the text?
Objectivity and avoid client dependence
What is emphasized as important in personal change according to the text?
Understanding needs and values
What were the main forces for change at Nissan according to the text?
Mounting debt and declining market share
What may resistance arise from according to the text?
Incongruent systems and team dynamics
What is the main reason for people resisting change according to the text?
Saving face
What is a potential restraining force due to incongruent team dynamics?
Incongruent organizational systems
What is a common reason for resistance to change related to organizational control systems?
Incongruent organizational systems
Study Notes
Navigating Personal and Organizational Change
- Change processes may undermine individual self-esteem, involving disconfirmation of existing beliefs and direct exposure to personal critique.
- Consultants must maintain objectivity and avoid client dependence in their role in the client relationship.
- Tips for personal change include understanding needs and values, aligning career with competencies, setting career goals, maintaining networks, and getting a mentor.
- Andrew Carnegie's quote emphasizes the importance of people in organizations.
- External forces driving changes in colleges include increased competition for students, emerging technologies, cost pressures, changing student expectations, and college ratings.
- Internal drivers for change in colleges include leadership, physical structures, and student and faculty coalitions.
- At Nissan, mounting debt and declining market share were the main forces for change, with resistance sources including direct costs, saving face, fear of the unknown, breaking routines, incongruent systems, and incongruent team dynamics.
- Employee resistance is a symptom, not a problem, in the change process, and may stem from concerns about job security, career development potential, saving face, and fear of the unknown.
- Resistance may also arise from incongruent systems and team dynamics.
- Employee resistance is a symptom, not a problem, in the change process, and may stem from concerns about job security, career development potential, saving face, and fear of the unknown.
- Resistance may also arise from incongruent systems and team dynamics.
Test your knowledge of navigating personal and organizational change with this quiz. Explore topics such as handling resistance, understanding internal and external drivers of change, and tips for personal change. Learn about the challenges and strategies involved in managing change processes in both personal and organizational contexts.
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