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Questions and Answers
What is the function of ribosomal RNA in ribosomes?
Which RNA polymerase transcribes transfer RNA?
What is the function of transfer RNA in protein synthesis?
What determines which amino acid a tRNA will transport?
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What is the genetic code?
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How many possible codons are there in the genetic code?
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Which amino acid acts as a start signal for protein synthesis?
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What is translation?
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What are the three phases of translation?
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What are mutations?
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What is a missense mutation?
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What is a frameshift mutation?
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Ribosomal RNA genes are transcribed into tRNA
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RRNA molecules play a key role in the binding of mRNA to ribosomes and its translation
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Transfer RNA genes are often multi-copy clusters expressed together
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Amino acids are linked enzymatically to the 5' end of a specific tRNA
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The anticodon sequence on a tRNA determines which of the 20 amino acids it will transport
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There are 25 amino acids encoded in DNA
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Each set of three DNA base pairs codes for an amino acid
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All amino acids are coded by only one codon
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Methionine acts as a start signal for protein synthesis
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Translation requires the interaction of mRNA, charged tRNAs, ribosomes, and a large number of proteins
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There are two phases in the translation process: initiation and elongation
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Mutations can only occur in somatic cells and not gametes
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Ribosomal RNA genes are transcribed into rRNA by RNA polymerase III.
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RRNA comprises 80% of total RNA in the cell.
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The functions of rRNA molecules in ribosomes are fully understood.
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TRNA carries the appropriate amino acid in protein synthesis.
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The anticodon sequence on a tRNA determines which amino acid it will transport.
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All amino acids are coded by more than one codon except methionine and tryptophan.
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Translation is the conversion of information encoded in the amino acid sequence of a protein.
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Mutations may occur in somatic cells or gametes and be passed to offspring.
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What is the function of messenger RNA (mRNA)?
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What is the function of ribosomal RNA (rRNA)?
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What are the eukaryotic ribosomal subunits and what do they form?
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What is the function of transfer RNA (tRNA)?
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What is the genetic code?
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What is translation?
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What are the three stages of the translation process?
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What is a point mutation?
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What is a missense mutation?
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What is a nonsense or stop mutation?
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What is a silent mutation?
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What is a frameshift mutation?
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MRNA carries all the RNA necessary for protein synthesis
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RRNA makes up 80% of total RNA
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Eukaryotic ribosomal subunits are 80S and 40S
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TRNA carries the appropriate amino acid in protein synthesis
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The genetic code identifies the correspondence between a sequence of nucleotide bases and a sequence of amino acids
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Translation is the conversion of information encoded in the amino acid sequence of a protein
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The ribosome moves from the 5' end to the 3' end of the mRNA during translation
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Point mutations always result in nonfunctional proteins
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Missense mutation changes a codon specific for one amino acid to a codon specific for another amino acid
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Nonsense mutation results in a normal and functional protein
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Silent mutation may code for the same amino acid and has no effect on the protein
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Frameshift mutation is caused by duplication of one or a small number of base pairs
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Study Notes
Molecular Genetics: Ribosomal RNA, Transfer RNA, Genetic Code, Protein Synthesis, Mutations
- Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes are present in multiple copies and transcribed into rRNA by RNA polymerase I, comprising 80% of total RNA in the cell and associating with proteins to form ribosomes.
- The functions of rRNA molecules in ribosomes are not fully understood but play a key role in the binding of mRNA to ribosomes and its translation.
- Transfer RNA (tRNA) genes are often multi-copy clusters expressed together and transcribed into tRNA by RNA polymerase III in the nucleus, carrying the appropriate amino acid in protein synthesis.
- An amino acid is linked enzymatically by its carboxyl end to the 3' end of a specific tRNA and transported to the ribosome during translation.
- The anticodon sequence on a tRNA determines which of the 20 amino acids it will transport.
- The genetic code consists of 20 amino acids, and the sequence of these determines the form and function of the resulting protein, all encoded in DNA.
- Each set of three DNA base pairs or triplet codes for an amino acid, resulting in 43 or 64 possible combinations or codons.
- All amino acids except methionine (AUG) and tryptophan (UGG) are coded by more than one codon.
- Methionine acts as a start signal (AUG) for protein synthesis.
- Translation is the conversion of information encoded in the nucleotide sequence of an mRNA molecule into the linear sequence of amino acids in a protein. It requires the interaction of mRNA, charged tRNAs, ribosomes, and a large number of proteins that facilitate the initiation, elongation, and termination of the polypeptide chain.
- There are three phases in the translation process: initiation, elongation, and termination.
- Mutations are changes in the nucleotide sequence of DNA that may occur in somatic cells or gametes and be passed to offspring. Types of gene mutations include point mutations, which can have different effects depending on the resulting changes to the codons in the messenger RNA. Common types of mutations include missense, nonsense or stop, silent, and frameshift mutations.
Molecular Genetics: Ribosomal RNA, Transfer RNA, Genetic Code, Protein Synthesis, Mutations
- Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes are present in multiple copies and transcribed into rRNA by RNA polymerase I, comprising 80% of total RNA in the cell and associating with proteins to form ribosomes.
- The functions of rRNA molecules in ribosomes are not fully understood but play a key role in the binding of mRNA to ribosomes and its translation.
- Transfer RNA (tRNA) genes are often multi-copy clusters expressed together and transcribed into tRNA by RNA polymerase III in the nucleus, carrying the appropriate amino acid in protein synthesis.
- An amino acid is linked enzymatically by its carboxyl end to the 3' end of a specific tRNA and transported to the ribosome during translation.
- The anticodon sequence on a tRNA determines which of the 20 amino acids it will transport.
- The genetic code consists of 20 amino acids, and the sequence of these determines the form and function of the resulting protein, all encoded in DNA.
- Each set of three DNA base pairs or triplet codes for an amino acid, resulting in 43 or 64 possible combinations or codons.
- All amino acids except methionine (AUG) and tryptophan (UGG) are coded by more than one codon.
- Methionine acts as a start signal (AUG) for protein synthesis.
- Translation is the conversion of information encoded in the nucleotide sequence of an mRNA molecule into the linear sequence of amino acids in a protein. It requires the interaction of mRNA, charged tRNAs, ribosomes, and a large number of proteins that facilitate the initiation, elongation, and termination of the polypeptide chain.
- There are three phases in the translation process: initiation, elongation, and termination.
- Mutations are changes in the nucleotide sequence of DNA that may occur in somatic cells or gametes and be passed to offspring. Types of gene mutations include point mutations, which can have different effects depending on the resulting changes to the codons in the messenger RNA. Common types of mutations include missense, nonsense or stop, silent, and frameshift mutations.
Molecular Genetics: Ribosomal RNA, Transfer RNA, Genetic Code, Protein Synthesis, Mutations
- Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes are present in multiple copies and transcribed into rRNA by RNA polymerase I, comprising 80% of total RNA in the cell and associating with proteins to form ribosomes.
- The functions of rRNA molecules in ribosomes are not fully understood but play a key role in the binding of mRNA to ribosomes and its translation.
- Transfer RNA (tRNA) genes are often multi-copy clusters expressed together and transcribed into tRNA by RNA polymerase III in the nucleus, carrying the appropriate amino acid in protein synthesis.
- An amino acid is linked enzymatically by its carboxyl end to the 3' end of a specific tRNA and transported to the ribosome during translation.
- The anticodon sequence on a tRNA determines which of the 20 amino acids it will transport.
- The genetic code consists of 20 amino acids, and the sequence of these determines the form and function of the resulting protein, all encoded in DNA.
- Each set of three DNA base pairs or triplet codes for an amino acid, resulting in 43 or 64 possible combinations or codons.
- All amino acids except methionine (AUG) and tryptophan (UGG) are coded by more than one codon.
- Methionine acts as a start signal (AUG) for protein synthesis.
- Translation is the conversion of information encoded in the nucleotide sequence of an mRNA molecule into the linear sequence of amino acids in a protein. It requires the interaction of mRNA, charged tRNAs, ribosomes, and a large number of proteins that facilitate the initiation, elongation, and termination of the polypeptide chain.
- There are three phases in the translation process: initiation, elongation, and termination.
- Mutations are changes in the nucleotide sequence of DNA that may occur in somatic cells or gametes and be passed to offspring. Types of gene mutations include point mutations, which can have different effects depending on the resulting changes to the codons in the messenger RNA. Common types of mutations include missense, nonsense or stop, silent, and frameshift mutations.
Types of RNA Molecules, Genetic Code, Translation, and Mutations
- Messenger RNA (mRNA) carries specific information necessary for the synthesis of different proteins and comprises about 5% of total RNA.
- Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) comprises 80% of total RNA and associates with proteins to form ribosomes, which serve as the “factories” in which protein synthesis occurs.
- Eukaryotic ribosomal subunits are 60S and 40S and join during protein synthesis to form the whole 80S ribosome.
- Transfer RNA (tRNA) has the ability to carry the appropriate amino acid in protein synthesis and an anticodon sequence that determines which of the 20 amino acids it will transport.
- The genetic code is a dictionary that identifies the correspondence between a sequence of nucleotide bases and a sequence of amino acids, with each set of three DNA base pairs or triplet coding for an amino acid.
- Translation is the conversion of information encoded in the nucleotide sequence of an mRNA molecule into the linear sequence of amino acids in a protein that occurs at cytoplasm.
- The translation process involves initiation, elongation, and termination, with the ribosome moving from the 5′ end to the 3′ end of the mRNA that is being translated.
- Point mutations are changes in one base pair of a cell's DNA sequence and can have different effects depending on the resulting changes to the codons in the messenger RNA.
- Missense mutation changes a codon specific for one amino acid to a codon specific for another amino acid and may result in a possible decrease in function.
- Nonsense or stop mutation causes a change to a chain-termination codon, resulting in a shorter than normal and usually nonfunctional protein.
- Silent mutation may code for the same amino acid and has no effect on the protein.
- Frameshift mutation is caused by insertions or deletions of one or a small number of base pairs that alter the reading frame, resulting in a usually nonfunctional and often shorter than normal protein.
Types of RNA Molecules, Genetic Code, Translation, and Mutations
- Messenger RNA (mRNA) carries specific information necessary for the synthesis of different proteins and comprises about 5% of total RNA.
- Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) comprises 80% of total RNA and associates with proteins to form ribosomes, which serve as the “factories” in which protein synthesis occurs.
- Eukaryotic ribosomal subunits are 60S and 40S and join during protein synthesis to form the whole 80S ribosome.
- Transfer RNA (tRNA) has the ability to carry the appropriate amino acid in protein synthesis and an anticodon sequence that determines which of the 20 amino acids it will transport.
- The genetic code is a dictionary that identifies the correspondence between a sequence of nucleotide bases and a sequence of amino acids, with each set of three DNA base pairs or triplet coding for an amino acid.
- Translation is the conversion of information encoded in the nucleotide sequence of an mRNA molecule into the linear sequence of amino acids in a protein that occurs at cytoplasm.
- The translation process involves initiation, elongation, and termination, with the ribosome moving from the 5′ end to the 3′ end of the mRNA that is being translated.
- Point mutations are changes in one base pair of a cell's DNA sequence and can have different effects depending on the resulting changes to the codons in the messenger RNA.
- Missense mutation changes a codon specific for one amino acid to a codon specific for another amino acid and may result in a possible decrease in function.
- Nonsense or stop mutation causes a change to a chain-termination codon, resulting in a shorter than normal and usually nonfunctional protein.
- Silent mutation may code for the same amino acid and has no effect on the protein.
- Frameshift mutation is caused by insertions or deletions of one or a small number of base pairs that alter the reading frame, resulting in a usually nonfunctional and often shorter than normal protein.
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Description
Test your knowledge of molecular genetics with this quiz! From ribosomal RNA to protein synthesis and mutations, this quiz covers important topics in the field. Challenge yourself to remember key terms and concepts related to genetic code, tRNA, and the different phases of translation. See if you can identify different types of gene mutations and their effects on protein formation. Whether you're a student or just interested in genetics, this quiz is a great way to test your understanding of molecular genetics.
