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Questions and Answers
Which type of carbohydrate is specifically composed of two monosaccharides?
What type of bond is responsible for linking two monosaccharides in disaccharides?
Which of the following types of lipids is a precursor for hormones such as testosterone and estrogen?
Which of the following statements accurately describes saturated fatty acids?
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What is the primary building block of proteins?
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What type of protein is responsible for catalyzing chemical reactions within cells?
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Which of the following is NOT considered a type of lipid?
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Which of the following statements is true regarding peptide bonds?
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What type of bond is formed between carbon atoms and other atoms in organic compounds?
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Which form of carbon is known for its industrial uses in inks and batteries?
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Which of the following is NOT a type of biological molecule involving carbon?
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What type of bonds can carbon atoms form with other atoms?
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What is the primary function of carbohydrates in living organisms?
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Which type of bond links monosaccharide units together to form larger carbohydrates?
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Hydrocarbons are formed when which atoms bond to carbon?
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What is the likely physical state of longer carbon chains?
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What is the primary function of storage proteins?
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Which of the following is a type of nucleic acid?
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What is the role of ATP in metabolism?
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What occurs during catabolism?
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Which components make up a nucleotide?
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What is the difference between anabolic and catabolic processes?
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How does ATP store energy?
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Which of the following best describes hormones?
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What is the primary focus of microbiology?
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Which group of microorganisms is typically associated with disease-causing effects?
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What role do saprophytes play in the ecosystem?
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Which of the following best describes acellular microbes?
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Which microorganism is known for its significant contribution to oxygen production?
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Which term refers to microorganisms that do not cause diseases?
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What are the two major categories of microbes?
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What type of diseases are caused by pathogens that are transmitted from one host to another?
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What type of imaging does Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) provide?
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Why can't Transmission and Scanning Electron Microscopes be used to observe living microbes?
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Which building blocks are used to form macromolecules in microorganisms?
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Which fundamental chemistry principles are important for understanding infectious diseases?
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What aspect of a microorganism's existence is influenced by its chemical composition?
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What role do toxins play in the infection process?
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Which is NOT a structural organization level in the human body?
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What limits the magnification and resolution of Transmission and Scanning Electron Microscopes?
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Study Notes
Organic Compounds
- Organic compounds are built from carbon atoms covalently bonded to other atoms.
- They are prevalent in living organisms and their products.
- Organic compounds exhibit vast structural diversity, ranging from simple molecules (methane) to complex biomolecules (proteins, DNA).
Carbon
- Carbon is crucial to all life.
- It exists naturally in three forms: amorphous carbon (used in inks, paints, etc.), graphite (lubricant, pencil lead), and diamond (jewelry, industrial tools).
- Carbon atoms form single, double, and triple bonds with other atoms, creating diverse organic compounds.
- Longer carbon chains tend to form liquids or solids, while shorter chains (especially hydrocarbons) are often gases.
Biological Molecules (Macromolecules)
- Also known as macromolecules or organic molecules, using carbon as a backbone.
- Four main types: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.
Carbohydrates
- Composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
- Efficient energy source for organisms.
- Cells both break them down (catabolism) for energy and build them up (anabolism) for storage.
- Building blocks are simple sugars (monosaccharides).
- Monosaccharide units are linked by glycosidic bonds to form larger carbohydrates (disaccharides, polysaccharides).
Microbiology
- The study of microorganisms (microbes).
- Considers both living and non-living organisms.
- Microbes are ubiquitous, found everywhere in the environment.
- Microbes are either pathogens (disease-causing) or non-pathogens.
- Pathogens cause infectious diseases (transmitted between hosts) and microbial intoxications (toxins produced by microbes).
- Microbes are either acellular (lack cellular components) or cellular (possess cells).
- Many microbes are essential for oxygen production and decomposition.
- Saprophytes are organisms living on dead or decaying organic matter. They contribute to soil fertility.
Microscopes
- Optical instruments used to observe tiny objects.
- Electron microscopes cannot observe living organisms due to specimen processing.
- Transmission and scanning electron microscopes provide 2D images.
- Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) allows observation of living cells with high magnification and resolution, producing 3D images.
Fundamental Chemistry of Microbiology
- Chemistry is essential in understanding cellular processes and infectious diseases.
- Understanding the chemistry of proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids is key to understanding cell function.
- Infectious disease processes (pathogen attachment, toxin release, immune response) involve chemical reactions.
Levels of Organization
- The human body exhibits multiple levels of structural organization.
Macromolecules
- Cells are composed of macromolecules (DNA, RNA, proteins, lipids, carbohydrates).
- Macromolecules are made from smaller building blocks (monosaccharides, fatty acids, amino acids,nucleotides).
- Building blocks are assembled from even smaller molecules (water, carbon dioxide, etc.).
Carbohydrate Types
- Three major types: monosaccharides (simple sugars), disaccharides (two monosaccharides), and polysaccharides (many monosaccharides).
Lipids
- Essential components of almost all living cells.
- Functions include energy storage, insulation, and cell membrane formation.
- Insoluble in water, soluble in organic solvents.
- Building blocks: fatty acids and glycerol.
- Fatty acids are either saturated (only single bonds between carbons) or unsaturated (one or more double bonds).
- Lipid types include waxes, fats and oils (triglycerides), phospholipids, steroids, and prostaglandins.
Proteins
- Essential chemicals in living cells.
- Functions include catalysis (enzymes), structural support, transport, and signaling.
- Composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sometimes sulfur.
- Building blocks: amino acids.
- Amino acids are linked by peptide bonds.
- Protein functions: enzymes, structural proteins, transport proteins, storage proteins, hormones, defense proteins, motor proteins.
Nucleic Acids
- Genetic material of organisms.
- Store and transmit genetic information.
- Building blocks: nucleotides (nitrogenous base, pentose sugar, phosphate).
- Nucleotides are linked by hydrogen bonds.
- Two main types: DNA and RNA.
Metabolism
- The sum of all chemical reactions within an organism.
- Involves catabolism (breaking down molecules for energy) and anabolism (synthesizing molecules for building and repair).
- Chemical reactions involve the formation or breaking of chemical bonds.
- Catabolism breaks down complex molecules; Anabolism builds complex molecules.
Energy Molecule
- ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate) is the major energy molecule in cells.
- It stores energy by adding a phosphate group and releases energy by removing a phosphate group.
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