CH 4 - Motor Development Reflexes
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Questions and Answers

What reflex is triggered when a newborn is gently lowered feet-first to a surface?

  • Moro reflex
  • Grasping reflex
  • Rooting reflex
  • Stepping reflex (correct)

    • Why do we have reflexes according to the text?

  • To entertain newborns
  • To cause confusion in babies
  • To adapt and survive (correct)
  • To develop motor skills faster

    • Which theory of motor development states that motor activity can't take place until the brain is ready?

  • Behaviorist theory
  • Cognitive theory
  • Maturation theory (correct)
  • Social learning theory

    • What happens to Moro and stepping reflexes in the first few months of life?

    <p>They change in manifestation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example given in the text to support the notion that brain maturity is essential for certain motor activities?

    <p>Twin studies with stair climbing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of schemes in Piaget's theory of cognitive development?

    <p>Interpreting new experiences and information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process involves interpreting new experiences in terms of existing schemes in Piaget's theory?

    <p>Assimilation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the A-not-B error, what is a possible explanation for infants continuing to search for an object in the initial hiding place despite seeing it moved to a different location?

    <p>Inability to mentally represent unseen objects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does memory play in contributing to the A-not-B error in infants according to recent research?

    <p>Leading to confusion between hiding spots A and B</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What cognitive concept is primarily tested in the Drawbridge and Rolling Car experiments related to object permanence and solidity?

    <p>Recognition of object persistence over time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes social agents from inanimate objects according to the text?

    <p>Action-at-a-distance, contingent responding, and goal attribution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what age do infants typically start to show specific bonds to particular individuals, notably their parents?

    <p>6 to 7 months</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which theory focuses on explaining attachment through behavior and environmental reinforcement?

    <p>Learning Theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the behaviors that establish and maintain bonds between offspring and parents?

    <p>Attachment behaviors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do infants demonstrate an understanding of goal-directed behavior according to the text?

    <p>By expecting hands or self-propelled blocks to have goals when approaching objects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What reaction do babies show when a screen moves through its entire range of motion despite a box being there?

    <p>Strong change in attention</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do babies expect solid objects to do when they interact with other objects?

    <p>Block or impede the movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between egocentric and allocentric spatial representation?

    <p>Egocentric is based on relation to oneself, while allocentric is based on relation to other landmarks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of beacons in infants' spatial representation?

    <p>Act as objects located near other salient landmarks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to nativists, what is an example of a bias infants might have when categorizing objects?

    <p>Bias favoring functional features over perceptual ones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of vision in walking according to the text?

    <p>Vision helps with balance and provides feedback about movement speed and direction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key aspect of infants' perceptual development related to objects?

    <p>Distinguishing inanimate from animate objects.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is the stepping reflex sometimes not visible in children according to the text?

    <p>Because of weight gain making leg movement challenging.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Piaget's view suggest about children's understanding of the world?

    <p>It is constructed through exploration and adaptation, minimizing the role of innate schemes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do infants learn to coordinate their movements with what they perceive visually according to the text?

    <p>Through trial and error, associating muscle sensations with visual patterns over time.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the social smile play in the attachment bond between infants and caregivers?

    <p>It serves as a fundamental building block for attachment, fostering emotional bonds.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of contingent responding in forming attachment bonds?

    <p>It is crucial for forming attachment bonds by establishing give-and-take interactions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do cultural influences impact patterns of contingent responding in caregiver-infant interactions?

    <p>Cultural practices can shape how caregivers respond to infant vocalizations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the still-face experiment demonstrate about infant-caregiver interactions?

    <p>Disruptions in contingent responding can negatively impact the infant's emotional well-being.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do infants expect caregivers to respond to their social cues according to the text?

    <p>To initiate bonding and maintain interactions with caregivers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which behavior exhibited by infants during the still-face phase highlights their vulnerability to disruptions in caregiver responsiveness?

    <p>Signs of distress, agitation, or withdrawal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What behavior helps infants adapt to new environments and understand social cues from others?

    <p>Joint attention and gaze following</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which attachment style is characterized by high levels of distress upon separation and ambivalence upon reunion?

    <p>Insecure-ambivalent attachment (Type C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What behavior fosters secure attachment in infants according to the text?

    <p>Consistently meeting the infant's needs and providing comfort and support</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method is widely used for measuring attachment styles in infants between 1 and 2 years old?

    <p>Strange Situation Procedure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes infants with disorganized/disoriented attachment?

    <p>They may show signs of fear or confusion and lack a clear strategy for dealing with distress.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of parental interactions in the development of disorganized/disoriented attachment in infants?

    <p>Abusive, neglectful, or inconsistent behaviors from caregivers may evoke fear or confusion in infants.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of an internal working model in attachment theory?

    <p>It influences how individuals interpret their social world based on early attachment experiences.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes basic emotions from complex emotions?

    <p>Basic emotions involve more sophisticated cognitive processes than complex emotions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do cultural influences impact emotional development?

    <p>Social and cultural contexts play a significant role in shaping emotions beyond basic levels.</p> Signup and view all the answers

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