40 Questions
What reflex is triggered when a newborn is gently lowered feet-first to a surface?
Stepping reflex
Why do we have reflexes according to the text?
To adapt and survive
Which theory of motor development states that motor activity can't take place until the brain is ready?
Maturation theory
What happens to Moro and stepping reflexes in the first few months of life?
They change in manifestation
What is an example given in the text to support the notion that brain maturity is essential for certain motor activities?
Twin studies with stair climbing
What is the main function of schemes in Piaget's theory of cognitive development?
Interpreting new experiences and information
Which process involves interpreting new experiences in terms of existing schemes in Piaget's theory?
Assimilation
In the A-not-B error, what is a possible explanation for infants continuing to search for an object in the initial hiding place despite seeing it moved to a different location?
Inability to mentally represent unseen objects
What role does memory play in contributing to the A-not-B error in infants according to recent research?
Leading to confusion between hiding spots A and B
What cognitive concept is primarily tested in the Drawbridge and Rolling Car experiments related to object permanence and solidity?
Recognition of object persistence over time
What distinguishes social agents from inanimate objects according to the text?
Action-at-a-distance, contingent responding, and goal attribution
At what age do infants typically start to show specific bonds to particular individuals, notably their parents?
6 to 7 months
Which theory focuses on explaining attachment through behavior and environmental reinforcement?
Learning Theory
What is the term used to describe the behaviors that establish and maintain bonds between offspring and parents?
Attachment behaviors
How do infants demonstrate an understanding of goal-directed behavior according to the text?
By expecting hands or self-propelled blocks to have goals when approaching objects
What reaction do babies show when a screen moves through its entire range of motion despite a box being there?
Strong change in attention
What do babies expect solid objects to do when they interact with other objects?
Block or impede the movement
What is the primary difference between egocentric and allocentric spatial representation?
Egocentric is based on relation to oneself, while allocentric is based on relation to other landmarks
What is the role of beacons in infants' spatial representation?
Act as objects located near other salient landmarks
According to nativists, what is an example of a bias infants might have when categorizing objects?
Bias favoring functional features over perceptual ones
What is the role of vision in walking according to the text?
Vision helps with balance and provides feedback about movement speed and direction.
What is a key aspect of infants' perceptual development related to objects?
Distinguishing inanimate from animate objects.
Why is the stepping reflex sometimes not visible in children according to the text?
Because of weight gain making leg movement challenging.
What does Piaget's view suggest about children's understanding of the world?
It is constructed through exploration and adaptation, minimizing the role of innate schemes.
How do infants learn to coordinate their movements with what they perceive visually according to the text?
Through trial and error, associating muscle sensations with visual patterns over time.
What role does the social smile play in the attachment bond between infants and caregivers?
It serves as a fundamental building block for attachment, fostering emotional bonds.
What is the significance of contingent responding in forming attachment bonds?
It is crucial for forming attachment bonds by establishing give-and-take interactions.
How do cultural influences impact patterns of contingent responding in caregiver-infant interactions?
Cultural practices can shape how caregivers respond to infant vocalizations.
What does the still-face experiment demonstrate about infant-caregiver interactions?
Disruptions in contingent responding can negatively impact the infant's emotional well-being.
Why do infants expect caregivers to respond to their social cues according to the text?
To initiate bonding and maintain interactions with caregivers.
Which behavior exhibited by infants during the still-face phase highlights their vulnerability to disruptions in caregiver responsiveness?
Signs of distress, agitation, or withdrawal
What behavior helps infants adapt to new environments and understand social cues from others?
Joint attention and gaze following
Which attachment style is characterized by high levels of distress upon separation and ambivalence upon reunion?
Insecure-ambivalent attachment (Type C)
What behavior fosters secure attachment in infants according to the text?
Consistently meeting the infant's needs and providing comfort and support
Which method is widely used for measuring attachment styles in infants between 1 and 2 years old?
Strange Situation Procedure
Which of the following best describes infants with disorganized/disoriented attachment?
They may show signs of fear or confusion and lack a clear strategy for dealing with distress.
What is the role of parental interactions in the development of disorganized/disoriented attachment in infants?
Abusive, neglectful, or inconsistent behaviors from caregivers may evoke fear or confusion in infants.
What is the function of an internal working model in attachment theory?
It influences how individuals interpret their social world based on early attachment experiences.
What distinguishes basic emotions from complex emotions?
Basic emotions involve more sophisticated cognitive processes than complex emotions.
How do cultural influences impact emotional development?
Social and cultural contexts play a significant role in shaping emotions beyond basic levels.
Test your knowledge on motor development reflexes such as the patellar reflex, rooting reflex, grasping reflex, stepping reflex, and Moro reflex. Learn about automatic responses to various forms of stimulation in newborns.
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