Questions and Answers
Pyrogens target the?
Hypothalamus
Primary Response is associated with _____
N/A
Secondary Response is associated with _____
N/A
First and Secondary Responses are crucial for _____
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IgM response is associated with _____
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IgG response is associated with _____
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What is the process of immune surveillance?
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Which of the following are signs/symptoms of inflammation? (Select all that apply)
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Identify the location of leukocyte formation.
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Antibody-mediated immunity is also called?
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Which categories of infectious agents are eukaryotic cells? (Select all that apply)
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Molds and yeast are types of?
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Identify the characteristics of bacteria. (Select all that apply)
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The concentration of antibodies against a specific antigen in the blood is known as the antibody _____
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Pyrogens target the?
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What is the primary response?
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What is the secondary response?
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What are the first and secondary responses?
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What is the IgM response?
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What is the IgG response?
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What is the process of immune surveillance?
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Signs/symptoms of inflammation include?
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Identify the location of leukocyte formation.
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Antibody-mediated immunity is also called?
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Which categories of infectious agents are eukaryotic cells?
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Molds and yeast are types of?
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Identify the characteristics of bacteria.
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The concentration of antibodies against a specific antigen in the blood is known as the antibody?
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Order the phases of an acute hypersensitivity reaction.
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Immunoglobulin E (IgE) is involved in?
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What is the variable region?
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What is the constant region?
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What are antigen-binding sites?
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Immunity obtained from another individual is called?
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Identify the benefits of fever.
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Where are alveolar macrophages found?
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Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease is caused by prions. It is also called?
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Identify the phagocytes.
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What class of immunoglobulins is usually formed in response to allergic reactions and parasitic infections?
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Identify the five major categories of infectious agents.
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Antibody concentration in the blood is also known as antibody?
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Place the events of activation of a cytotoxic T cell in order.
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Death is likely to occur when core body temperature reaches?
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What is neutralization?
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What is agglutination?
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What is precipitation?
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When the body fails to distinguish between foreign antigens and self-antigens, ________ disorders occur.
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Identify the true statements regarding active immunity.
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When antibodies completely cover the surface of a virus so it can no longer infect a cell, it is said to be?
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Viruses must enter a cell to reproduce. They are called obligate intracellular?
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Identify the antimicrobial substances released by the skin and mucous membranes.
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Identify the immune system cells that are associated with allergies and asthma.
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Identify the true statements regarding IgG.
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Lymphocytes are tested to see if they are immunocompetent in the bone marrow and _______ gland.
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Place the events of activation of a T helper cell in order.
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Study Notes
Immune System Overview
- Pyrogens specifically target the hypothalamus to regulate body temperature during fevers.
- Primary response refers to the immune system's initial response to a specific pathogen.
- Secondary response is a faster and more robust reaction upon re-exposure to the same pathogen.
Immune Responses
- First and secondary responses highlight the difference in speed and intensity when encountering an antigen for the first and subsequent times.
- IgM is the first antibody produced during an immune response.
- IgG is the most prevalent antibody in blood and provides long-lasting immunity after an infection.
Immune Surveillance
- Natural killer (NK) cells play a crucial role in immune surveillance by detecting and destroying unhealthy or infected cells.
Inflammation Symptoms
- Signs of inflammation include redness, pain, and swelling, indicating an immune response to injury or infection.
Leukocyte Formation
- Leukocytes (white blood cells) are primarily formed in the red bone marrow.
Types of Immunity
- Antibody-mediated immunity is also known as humoral immunity, involving the action of antibodies against pathogens.
- Passive immunity is immunity gained from antibodies produced by another individual.
Infectious Agents
- Eukaryotic infectious agents include multicellular parasites, fungi, and protozoans.
- Molds and yeast are types of fungi, known for their role in various infections.
Bacterial Characteristics
- Bacteria are single-celled organisms typically ranging from 1 to 2 micrometers in size.
Antibody Dynamics
- The concentration of antibodies against a specific antigen in blood is termed the antibody titer.
- Fever is beneficial as it promotes interferon activity, inhibits bacterial reproduction, and accelerates tissue repair.
Immune Cells
- Alveolar macrophages are specific immune cells found in the lungs, playing a role in respiratory health.
- Common phagocytes include macrophages and neutrophils, essential for engulfing pathogens.
Hypersensitivity and Allergies
- Immunoglobulin E (IgE) is linked to acute hypersensitivities and allergic reactions.
- Phases of acute hypersensitivity reactions include sensitization, activation, and effector phases.
Immunoglobulin Insights
- IgE is notably involved in allergic reactions and response to parasitic infections.
- Immunoglobulin G (IgG) can cross the placenta, making it crucial for fetal immunity, and is the predominant antibody in lymphatic fluid.
T Cell Activation
- Cytotoxic T cell activation involves several steps, including antigen presentation, binding, stimulation by IL-2, and proliferation.
- Helper T cell activation similarly requires antigen processing by antigen-presenting cells (APCs).
Disorders and Antibody Actions
- Autoimmune disorders arise when the immune system misidentifies self-antigens as foreign.
- Neutralization occurs when antibodies coat a virus, preventing it from infecting cells.
- Antibody-mediated actions include agglutination, precipitation, and neutralization of pathogens.
Core Body Temperature and Immunity
- A core body temperature of 109 degrees Fahrenheit can be fatal, highlighting the risks of extreme fever.
Antimicrobial Substances
- Skin and mucous membranes release antimicrobial substances such as lysozyme, sebum, and immunoglobulin A to protect against pathogens.
Lymphocyte Maturation
- Lymphocytes undergo immunocompetence testing in the bone marrow and thymus gland, ensuring they can function properly in the immune response.
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Description
Test your knowledge of the immune system with these flashcards from Chapter 22. Cover key concepts including pyrogens, primary and secondary responses, and various types of immunoglobulin responses. Perfect for students looking to reinforce their understanding of immunology.
